{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:54:24Z","timestamp":1789757664007,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether exposure to tetrachloroethylene during the first trimester of pregnancy has harmful effects on pregnancy outcome. DESIGN: The study used record linkage identification of cases and case-control comparison. SETTING: The study involved dry cleaner and laundry workers throughout Finland who had become pregnant during the study period. Controls were age matched but otherwise unselected women giving birth to normal babies in the study period. SUBJECTS: Cases were defined as women who had been treated for spontaneous abortion or had delivered a malformed child. Out of 5700 workers nearly half had been pregnant during the study period. One pregnancy only was randomly selected for study per worker, and the final study population was 247 women with spontaneous abortions and 33 with malformed infants. Three age matched controls were selected for each abortion case and five for each malformation case. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three women out of four had worked in early pregnancy. Exposure information was collected from 1108 women by mailed questionnaires, with a 77% response, and was partly confirmed by biological monitoring data. Exposure to tetrachloroethylene was found to be significantly associated with spontaneous abortions (odds ratio 3.6, p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings, together with other available data, indicate that exposure of pregnant women to tetrachloroethylene needs to be minimised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.43.4.346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1226502654000},"page":"346-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among women exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Kyyr\u00f6nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Taskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M L","family":"Lindbohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Hemminki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O P","family":"Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01274131","article-title":"Spontaneous abortions among female chemical workers in Finland","volume":"45","author":"Hemminki, K.; Franssila, E.; Vainio, H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hemminki K, Franssila E, Vainio H. Spontaneous abortions among female chemical workers in Finland. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1980; 45: 123-6.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.568","article-title":"Nation-wide data base on medically diagnosed spontaneous abortions in Finland","volume":"17","author":"Lindbohm, M.-L.; Hemminki, K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lindbohm M-L, Hemminki K. Nation-wide data base on medically diagnosed spontaneous abortions in Finland. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 568-73.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-7311-1_4","article-title":"Twenty years of study of the etiology of congenital malformations in Finland","volume-title":"Issues and reviews in teratology","author":"Saxen, L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Saxen L. Twenty years of study of the etiology of congenital malformations in Finland. In: Kalter H, ed. Issues and reviews in teratology. New York: Plenum 1983: 73-110."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research: the analysis of case-control studies","author":"Breslow, N.E.; Day, N.E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research: the analysis of case-control studies. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1980."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198511073131901","article-title":"A study of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and fetal loss in nurses","volume":"313","author":"Selevan, S.G.; Lindbohm, M.-L.; Hornung, R.W.; Hemminki, K.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Selevan SG, Lindbohm M-L, Hornung RW, Hemminki K. A study of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and fetal loss in nurses. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1173-8.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/11.3.250","article-title":"Exposure to anaesthetic gases and spontaneous abortion: response bias in a postal questionnaire study","volume":"11","author":"Axelsson, G.; Rylander, R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Axelsson G, Rylander R. Exposure to anaesthetic gases and spontaneous abortion: response bias in a postal questionnaire study. Int J Epidemiol 1982; 11: 250-6.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.1983.4.1-2.293","article-title":"Assessment of methods and results of reproductive occupational epidemiology: spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of working women","volume":"4","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hemminki K, Axelson 0, Niemi M-L, Ahlborg G. Assessment of methods and results of reproductive occupational epidemiology: spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of working women. Am J Ind Med 1983; 4: 293-307.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"19","article-title":"Health surveillance of workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops","volume":"52","author":"Lauwerys, R.; Herbrand, J.; Buchet, J.P.; Bernard, A.; Gaussin, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lauwerys R, Herbrand J, Buchet JP, Bernard A, Gaussin J. Health surveillance of workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1983; 52: 19-77.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377741","article-title":"Health and reproductive status of female workers in dry cleaning shops","volume":"59","author":"Bosco, M.G.; Figa-Talamanca, I.; Salerno, S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bosco MG, Figa-Talamanca I, Salerno S. Health and reproductive status of female workers in dry cleaning shops. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1987; 59: 295-301.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391405391","article-title":"Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry cleaning industry","volume":"44","author":"Ludwig, H.R.; Meister, M.V.; Roberts, D.R.; Cox, C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ludwig HR, Meister MV, Roberts DR, Cox C. Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry cleaning industry. Am J Hyg Assoc 1983; 44: 600-5.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg Assoc"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90197-0","article-title":"The effect of maternally inhaled trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, methyl chloroform and methylene chloride on embryonal and fetal development in mice and rats","volume":"32","author":"Schwetz, B.A.; Leong, B.M.J.; Gehring, B.J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Schwetz BA, Leong BMJ, Gehring BJ. The effect of maternally inhaled trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, methyl chloroform and methylene chloride on embryonal and fetal development in mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 32: 84-96.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"211","article-title":"Metabolic conversion of triand tetrachloroethylene: formation and deactivation of genotoxic intermediates","volume-title":"New concepts and developments in toxicology. (Developments in toxicology and environmental science, Vol 12.)","author":"Dekant, W.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dekant W. Metabolic conversion of triand tetrachloroethylene: formation and deactivation of genotoxic intermediates. In: Chambers PL, Gehring P, Sakai F, eds. New concepts and developments in toxicology. (Developments in toxicology and environmental science, Vol 12.) Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986: 211-21."},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents","author":"International Epidemiological Association, Helsinki","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lindbohm M-L, Taskinen H,, Sallmen M, Hemminki K. Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents. Paper presented at the XI meeting of the International Epidemiological Association, Helsinki 1987."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"225","article-title":"Environmental influences on early reproductive loss in a current New York city study","volume-title":"embryonic andfetal loss","author":"Kline, J.; Stein, Z.; Susser, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kline J, Stein Z, Susser M, et al. Environmental influences on early reproductive loss in a current New York city study. In: Porter IA, Hook EB, eds. Human embryonic andfetal loss. New York: Academic Press, 1980: 225-40."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"771","article-title":"Epidemiology of spontaneous abortions: the effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking","volume":"78","author":"Anokute, C.C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Anokute CC. Epidemiology of spontaneous abortions: the effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. J Natl Med Assoc 1986; 78: 771-5.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"199","article-title":"Spontaneous abortions among women working in the pharmaceutical industry","volume":"43","author":"Taskinen, H.; Lindbohm, M.-L.; Hemminki, K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Taskinen H, Lindbohm M-L, Hemminki K. Spontaneous abortions among women working in the pharmaceutical industry. Br J Ind Med 1986; 43: 199-205.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"148","article-title":"Fetal death and work in pregnancy","volume":"45","author":"McDonald, A.D.; McDonald, J.C.; Armstrong, B.","year":"1988","unstructured":"McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B, et al. Fetal death and work in pregnancy. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45: 148-57.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113750","article-title":"Prematurity and occupational activity during pregnancy","volume":"119","author":"Mamelle, N.; Laumon, B.; Lazar, P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mamelle N, Laumon B, Lazar P. Prematurity and occupational activity during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119: 309-22.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"56","article-title":"Prematurity and work in pregnancy","volume":"45","author":"McDonald, A.D.; McDonald, J.C.; Armstrong, B.; Cherry, N.M.; Robert, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Cherry NM, Robert D. Prematurity and work in pregnancy. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45: 56-62.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"527","article-title":"Chemical exposures at work in early pregnancy and congenital defect: a case-referent study","volume":"44","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chemical exposures at work in early pregnancy and congenital defect: a case-referent study. Br J Ind Med 1987; 44: 527-33.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"355","article-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: An updating of IARC Monographs vol 1 to 42 (IARC monographs supplement 7)","year":"1988","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: An updating of IARC Monographs vol 1 to 42 (IARC monographs supplement 7). Lyon: IARC, 1988: 355-7."},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"Acceptedfor publication","year":"1989","unstructured":"Acceptedfor publication May 1989"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.43.4.346","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T04:13:23Z","timestamp":1759724003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.43.4.346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.43.4.346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.43.4.346","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,12]]}}}