{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:58:29Z","timestamp":1790859509443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>STUDY OBJECTIVES--To investigate the effects of passive exposure to tobacco smoke and gas cooking at home on respiratory symptoms and lung function of non-smoking women. SETTING--Evidence on the effects of passive smoking and exposure to nitrogen dioxide from gas cooking on the respiratory health of adults is limited and variable. Over 97% of women in Singapore do not smoke, and a principal source of indoor air pollution for housewives is passive smoking and gas cooking. DESIGN--This was a cross sectional (prevalence) study of a population based sample of 2868 adults aged 20 to 74 years in Singapore. A structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers was used to collect data on passive smoking, gas cooking, respiratory symptoms, and other relevant variables. Passive smoking was defined as exposure to cigarette smoke from one or more members of the household who had ever smoked. Gas cooking was defined in terms of the weekly frequency of gas cooking, as well as the frequency with which the respondent's kitchen was filled with heavy cooking fumes (rarely, occasionally, often). Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was measured by using a portable Micro-spirometer. Multivariate analyses were used to estimate relative odds of association for respiratory symptoms and FEV1 effect, with adjustment for potential confounding variables. PARTICIPANTS--Of a total of 1438 women in the sample, 1282 women who had never smoked provided questionnaire data and 1008 women provided acceptable readings of FEV1 for analysis. MAIN RESULTS--Passive smoking was significantly associated with greater relative odds of usual or chronic cough and phlegm, wheezing, and breathlessness on exertion, as well as lower FEV1. Greater relative odds of respiratory symptoms were also associated with the weekly frequency of gas cooking, although these results were statistically insignificant. Chronic cough and phlegm and breathlessness on exertion, however, were significantly associated with the frequency with which the kitchen was filled with heavy cooking fumes. A lower FEV1 was found in women who cooked frequently (more than thrice a week). CONCLUSION--Domestic exposure to cigarette smoke and gas cooking is associated with increased risks of respiratory symptoms and impairment of lung function in non-smoking women in Singapore.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.47.6.454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1226502654000},"page":"454-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Respiratory symptoms and lung function effects of domestic exposure to tobacco smoke and cooking by gas in non-smoking women in Singapore."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"T P","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K P","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W C","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Health eff'ects and sources of indoor air pollution. Part 1","volume":"i","author":"Samet, J.M.; Marburv, M.C.; Spengler, J.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Samet JM, Marburv MC, Spengler JD. Health eff'ects and sources of indoor air pollution. Part 1. Am,i Rev Respir Di's 1987; 136: 1486-508.","journal-title":"Am"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Health cffccts and sources of airpollution. Part 2","volume":"137","author":"Samet, J.M.; Marburv, M.C.; Spengler, J.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Samet JM, Marburv MC, Spengler JD. Health cffccts and sources of airpollution. Part 2. Amii Rev RespbrDis 1987; 137: 221-42.","journal-title":"Amii Rev RespbrDis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref_3","article-title":"Influence of passive smoking and parental phlegm on pneumonia and bronchitis in early childhood","volume":"1031","author":"CollevJRT, Holland W.W.'; RT, Corkhill","year":"1974","unstructured":"CollevJRT, Holland WW', Corkhill RT. 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Nitrogcn dioxide, respiratory illness and lung infecction. I71t.7 I-piidem;io:)l 1979; 8: 347 53."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3","article-title":"Respiratory disease ratcs and pulmonary function in children associated wsith NO, cxposure","volume":"121","author":"Speizer, F.E.; B, Jr, Ferris; Bishop, Y.M.M.; Spengler, J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Speizer FE, Ferris B Jr, Bishop YMM, Spengler J. Respiratory disease ratcs and pulmonary function in children associated wsith NO, cxposure. Am Rev Respir 1)is 1980; 121: 3-I 0.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir 1)is"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"358","article-title":"I'arental smoking and respiratory illncss in infancy. A-c\/ 1)Di Child","volume":"SS:","author":"Fergusson, D.M.; J, Hornvood I.; Shannon, F.T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Hornvood I J, Shannon FT. I'arental smoking and respiratory illncss in infancy. A-c\/ 1)Di Child 1980; SS: 358-61."},{"issue":"48 50","key":"ref_10","article-title":"Rcspiratory symptoms related to smoking habits of familv adults","volume":"69","author":"Lebowitz, M.D.; Burross, B.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lebowitz MD, Burross B. Rcspiratory symptoms related to smoking habits of familv adults. Chest 1976; 69: 48 50.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"210 4","key":"ref_11","article-title":"Respirators symptoms in children and parcntal smoking and phlegm production","volume":"2","author":"Collev, J.R.T.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Collev JRT. Respirators symptoms in children and parcntal smoking and phlegm production. 13AIJ 1974; 2: 210 4. 1 3 Weiss ST, Tagcr IB, Speizer FE, Rosner B. Persistent whecze. Its relationship to respiratory illness, cigarette smoking, and lcvel of pulmonary function in a population samplc of children. Amn Rev Re.spir Di\/s 1980; 122: 697 707.","journal-title":"Amn Rev Re.spir Di\/s; Persistent whecze. 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Relationship of' parental smiioking and gas cooking to respirators disease in children","volume":"84","author":"Ekwso, I.S.; WcinbergerM\\lW, IIachenbruch; P.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ekwso IS, WcinbergerM\\lW,IIachenbruch PA Huntlev 'H. Relationship of' parental smiioking and gas cooking to respirators disease in children. fhest 1983; 84: 662 88.","journal-title":"fhest"},{"issue":"504 15","key":"ref_19","article-title":"RV' Respiratory illness in households using gas and clcctricits for cooking. II Symptoms and objective findings","volume":"19","author":"NID), Keller; t ancse RR; RJ, Nlitchell; Cote","year":"1979","unstructured":"Keller NID), t ancse RR, Nlitchell RJ, Cote RV' Respiratory illness in households using gas and clcctricits for cooking. II Symptoms and objective findings. Imi\/vron Redi 1979; 19: 504 15.","journal-title":"Imi\/vron Redi"},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"The Tayside intfant morhiditv and mortalits studs eftf'ct on health of usinig gas for cooking. 13,1t7 1985; 290: %57 -60","author":"Ogston, SA, Florev C\\, \\\\alker CH","unstructured":"Ogston SA, Florev C\\, \\\\alker CH. The Tayside intfant morhiditv and mortalits studs eftf'ct on health of usinig gas for cooking. 13,1t7 1985; 290: %57 -60."},{"issue":"274 83","key":"ref_21","article-title":"Lung function respiratory disease, anid smoking in families Atii l7ipitlici0","volume":"106","author":"Schilling, R.S.F.; Lctai, A.D.; St, Hui; Beck, G.J.; Schloenherg, J.B.; Bouhuvs, A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schilling RSF, Lctai AD, Hui St, Beck GJ, Schloenherg JB, Bouhuvs A. 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Ventilatorv ftunction and svinter fresh f'ruit consumption in a randonm samplc of British adults. ihtorax 1991; 46: 624 9.","journal-title":"ihtorax"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.47.6.454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T08:14:33Z","timestamp":1759479273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.47.6.454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.47.6.454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.47.6.454","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,12]]}}}