{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:13:01Z","timestamp":1773324781479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>STUDY OBJECTIVE--The study aimed to reveal associations between dietary antioxidant vitamins and other personal characteristics. DESIGN--Population based, cross sectional survey. SETTING--Twenty seven rural, industrial, and semiurban communities in six different regions of Finland. PARTICIPANTS--Subjects included 5304 men and 4750 women aged 15 years or older, who were interviewed about their dietary habits at the baseline study of the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey, 1967-72. MAIN RESULTS--Intakes of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C were estimated from dietary history interviews covering the subjects' food consumption in the preceding year. In older age groups intakes of all the vitamins studied were low. Occupation had a profound effect on dietary antioxidant vitamins: intakes were highest in white collar workers and lowest in farmers; those classified as service workers, industrial workers, or housewives came in between. Current smoking was inversely associated with dietary carotenoids and vitamin C, especially in men. The vitamin intakes of ex-smokers were equal to or even slightly higher than those of never smokers. Married men had higher intakes of carotenoids and vitamin C than men living alone. Body mass index was not an important determinant of the intake of antioxidant vitamins. CONCLUSIONS--The associations of dietary antioxidant vitamins with sociodemographic characteristics and smoking were strong enough to exert a confounding or modifying effect in studies on diet and diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.48.6.549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1226502654000},"page":"549-554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Antioxidant vitamins in the diet: relationships with other personal characteristics in Finland."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"R","family":"J\u00e4rvinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Knekt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Sepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Reunanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Heli\u00f6vaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Maatela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Aromaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.12.070192.001035","article-title":"and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers","volume":"12","author":"Byers, T.; carotenes, Perry G.Dietary; vitamin C","year":"1992","unstructured":"Byers T, Perry G. Dietary carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers. Annu Rev Nutr 1992;12:139-59.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.4.827","article-title":"Diet, smoking, social class, and body mass index in the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study","volume":"40","author":"Fehily, A.M.; Phillips, K.M.; Yamell, J.W.G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fehily AM, Phillips KM, Yamell JWG. Diet, smoking, social class, and body mass index in the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40:827-33.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910093","article-title":"Nutrient intakes of different social-class groups: results from the Scottish heart health study (SHHS)","volume":"65","author":"Bolton-Smith, C.; Smith, W.C.S.; Woodward, M.; Tunstall-Pedoe, H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bolton-Smith C, Smith WCS, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Nutrient intakes of different social-class groups: results from the Scottish heart health study (SHHS). Br J Nutr 1991;65:321-35.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589209514199","article-title":"Differences in dietary intake with smoking, alcohol, and education","volume":"17","author":"C, La Vecchia; E, Negri; F, Franceschi Parazzini; A, Decarli","year":"1992","unstructured":"La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi Parazzini F, Decarli A. Differences in dietary intake with smoking, alcohol, and education. Nutr Cancer 1992;17:297-304.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"The food consumption and nutrient intake of Finns in 1967 to 1969. (In Finnish, with an English summary.) Helsinki","volume-title":"Social Insurance Institution, Finland, Series ML","volume":"6","author":"Koskinen, E.H.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Koskinen EH. The food consumption and nutrient intake of Finns in 1967 to 1969. (In Finnish, with an English summary.) Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution, Finland, Series ML:6, 1975."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"159","article-title":"Dietary assessment methods","volume-title":"cancer prevention. Investigating the role of micronutrients","author":"Block, G.; Hartman, A.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Block G, Hartman AM. Dietary assessment methods. In: Moon TE, Micozzi MS, eds. Nutrition and cancer prevention. Investigating the role of micronutrients. New York: Marcel Decker, 1989: 159-80."},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Recommended dietary allowances","author":"National Research Council","year":"1989","unstructured":"National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.","edition":"10th ed"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)05428-6","article-title":"Vitamin E content of foods","volume":"75","author":"McLaughlin, P.J.; Weihrauch, J.L.","year":"1979","unstructured":"McLaughlin PJ, Weihrauch JL. Vitamin E content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc 1979;75:647-65.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.3.520","article-title":"Short-term and longterm reproducibility of dietary history interview data","volume":"22","author":"Jarvinen, R.; Seppanen, R.; Knekt, P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Knekt P. Short-term and longterm reproducibility of dietary history interview data. Int Epidemiol 1993;22:520-7.","journal-title":"Int Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"331","article-title":"World health. Appendix VIII. The international standard classification of occupations","author":"Brockington, F.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Brockington F. World health. Appendix VIII. The international standard classification of occupations, 2nd edn. London: Churchill, 1967:331-9.","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Applied multiple regressionlcorrelation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.; Cohen, P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied multiple regressionlcorrelation analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"313","article-title":"One-day and 3-day nutrient intakes by individuals - Nationwide Food Consumption Survey findings, spring","volume":"85","author":"Pao, E.M.; Mickle, S.J.; Burk, M.C.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Pao EM, Mickle SJ, Burk MC. One-day and 3-day nutrient intakes by individuals - Nationwide Food Consumption Survey findings, spring 1977. J Am Diet Assoc 1985;85: 313-24.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.2.361","article-title":"Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Murphy, S.P.; Subar, A.F.; Block, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Murphy SP, Subar AF, Block G. Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States. Am _J Clin Nutr 1990;52: 361-7.","journal-title":"Am _J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"315","article-title":"Nutrient intake by duration of ex-smoking in the Scottish heart health study","volume-title":"Br3'Nutr","volume":"69","author":"Bolton-Smith, C.; Woodward, M.; Brown, C.A.; Tunstall-Pedoe, H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M, Brown CA, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Nutrient intake by duration of ex-smoking in the Scottish heart health study. Br3'Nutr 1993;69:315-32."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(88)90091-6","article-title":"Determinants of serum alpha-tocopherol in Finnish adults","volume":"17","author":"Knekt, P.; Seppanen, R.; Aaran, R.-K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Knekt P, Seppanen R, Aaran R-K. Determinants of serum alpha-tocopherol in Finnish adults. Prev Med 1988;17: 725-35.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"31","article-title":"Aaran R-K. Dietary determinants of serum 3-carotene and serum retinol","volume":"47","author":"Jarvinen, R.; Knekt, P.; Seppanen, R.; Heinonen, M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jarvinen R, Knekt P, Seppanen R, Heinonen M, Aaran R-K. Dietary determinants of serum 3-carotene and serum retinol. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47:31-41.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"63","key":"ref_17","first-page":"31","article-title":"Age trends in nutrient intakes for non-manual and manual occupational groups: the Scottish heart","volume":"49","author":"Bolton-Smith, C.; Smith, W.C.S.; Woodward, M.; TunstallPedoe, H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bolton-Smith C, Smith WCS, Woodward M, TunstallPedoe H. Age trends in nutrient intakes for non-manual and manual occupational groups: the Scottish heart health study (abstract). Proc Nutr Soc 1990;49:63A. 31 Seppanen R. Nutrition in Finland. (In Finnish.) Duodecim 1982;98: 1666-73.","journal-title":"health study (abstract). Proc Nutr Soc; Nutrition in Finland. (In Finnish.) Duodecim"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/140349488601400107","article-title":"Social class and changes in health-related habits in Finland in 1973-1983","volume":"14","author":"Aro, S.; Rasanen, L.; Telama, R.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aro S, Rasanen L, Telama R. Social class and changes in health-related habits in Finland in 1973-1983. Scand.7 Soc Med 1986;14:39-47.","journal-title":"Scand.7 Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"341","article-title":"Social and regional differences in food and alcohol consumption and their measurement in a national birth cohort","volume":"42","author":"Braddon, F.E.M.; Wadsworth, M.E.J.; Davies, J.M.C.; Cripps, H.A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Braddon FEM, Wadsworth MEJ, Davies JMC, Cripps HA. Social and regional differences in food and alcohol consumption and their measurement in a national birth cohort. _7 Epidemiol Community Health 1988;42:341-9.","journal-title":"Community Health"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"441","article-title":"Diet and other life-style factors in high and low socio-economic groups (Dutch nutrition surveillance system)","volume":"45","author":"Hulshof, K.F.A.M.; Lowik, M.R.H.; Kok, F.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hulshof KFAM, Lowik MRH, Kok FJ, et al. Diet and other life-style factors in high and low socio-economic groups (Dutch nutrition surveillance system). Eur.7 Clin Nutr 1991;45:441-50.","journal-title":"Eur.7 Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cigarette smoking - nutritional implications. Prog Food","volume":"15","author":"Preston, A.M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Preston AM. Cigarette smoking - nutritional implications. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1991;15:183-217.","journal-title":"Nutr Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"283","article-title":"The relationship of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels","volume":"127","author":"Stryker, W.S.; Kaplan, L.A.; Stein, E.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Sober, A.; Willett, W.C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, Stampfer MJ, Sober A, Willett WC. The relationship of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am7Epidemiol 1988;127:283-96."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb39197.x","article-title":"Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers","volume":"686","author":"Schectman, G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schectman G. Estimating ascorbic acid requirements for cigarette smokers. Ann NYAcad Sci 1993;686:335-45.","journal-title":"Ann NYAcad Sci"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.11.1323","article-title":"Food and nutrient intake differences between smokers and non-smokers in the US","volume":"80","author":"Subar, A.F.; Harlan, L.C.; Mattson, M.E.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Subar AF, Harlan LC, Mattson ME. Food and nutrient intake differences between smokers and non-smokers in the US. Am j Public Health 1990;80:1323-9.","journal-title":"Am j Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"270","article-title":"Relationship between diet and smoking - Is the diet of smokers different? _7 Epidemiol","volume":"45","author":"Cade, J.E.; Margetts, B.M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cade JE, Margetts BM. Relationship between diet and smoking - Is the diet of smokers different? _7 Epidemiol Community Health 1991;45:270-2.","journal-title":"Community Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115672","article-title":"Determinants of plasma retinol, beta-carotene, and alphatocopherol","volume":"132","author":"Herbeth, B.; Chavance, M.; Musse, N.; Vemhes, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Herbeth B, Chavance M, Musse N, Vemhes G. Determinants of plasma retinol, beta-carotene, and alphatocopherol. Am.7 Epidemiol 1990;132:394-6.","journal-title":"Am.7 Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb39187.x","article-title":"Vitamin E and smoking and the risk of lung cancer","volume":"686","author":"Knekt, P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knekt P. Vitamin E and smoking and the risk of lung cancer. Ann NYAcad Sci 1993;686:280-7.","journal-title":"Ann NYAcad Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.2.345","article-title":"Characteristics of past smokers","volume":"18","author":"Kato, I.; Tominaga, S.; Suzuki, T.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kato I, Tominaga S, Suzuki T. Characteristics of past smokers. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:345-54.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.2.278","article-title":"Food consumption, habitual physical activity, and body fatness in young Dutch adults","volume":"37","author":"Baecke, J.A.H.; van Staveren, W.A.; Burema, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Baecke JAH, van Staveren WA, Burema J. Food consumption, habitual physical activity, and body fatness in young Dutch adults. Am.7 Clin Nutr 1983;37:278-86.","journal-title":"Am.7 Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"983","article-title":"High levels of energy expenditure in obese women","volume":"292","author":"Prentice, A.M.; Black, A.E.; Coward, W.A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Prentice AM, Black AE, Coward WA, et al. High levels of energy expenditure in obese women. BM3 1986;292: 983-7."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.48.6.549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:13:21Z","timestamp":1759504401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.48.6.549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.48.6.549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.48.6.549","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}