{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:57:21Z","timestamp":1761807441042,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>STUDY OBJECTIVE--To assess the feasibility of recruiting a cohort of women, including long term users of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT), through computerised general practice prescribing records, and to compare clinical and demographic characteristics of users and non-user controls. DESIGN--Cross sectional analysis of questionnaire data. SETTING--Subjects were recruited through 17 general practices in the Oxfordshire, south west Thames, and north west Thames regions that contributed to the VAMP Research Database. PARTICIPANTS--A total of 2964 women aged 45-64 years were identified. Altogether 1482 were long term (&gt; 1 year) users of HRT and 1482 were non-user controls: 1037 (70%) of the users and 819 (55.3%) of the controls agreed to participate and provided questionnaire data. MAIN RESULTS--Users of HRT were more likely to have undergone hysterectomy than controls. Most women with a history of hysterectomy used unopposed oestrogen, while those with intact uteri generally used a combination of oestrogen and a progestagen. Among women who had undergone hysterectomy, HRT users did not differ significantly from controls over a range of demographic and clinical characteristics but they were more likely to be past users of oral contraceptives. Among women with intact uteri, users were similar to controls in terms of reported clinical characteristics, but were of higher social class and were more likely to be past users of oral contraceptives and to have had a mammogram after the age of 50. Compared with the general population, all categories of women recruited to the study were of higher social class and exhibited more health conscious behaviours. CONCLUSIONS--Electronic general practice prescribing records provide a feasible and efficient method for recruiting women to a cohort of HRT. Women who agreed to participate in this study were not representative of the general population, emphasising the importance of internal controls in such a study. Among participants, HRT users who had not undergone hysterectomy showed evidence of better health than non-users on some dimensions. In the whole sample, however, there were no appreciable differences in social class and self reported health indicators between users and controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.4.389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1226502654000},"page":"389-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Hormone replacement therapy: characteristics of users and non-users in a British general practice cohort identified through computerised prescribing records."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Surman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Mant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Vessey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Thorogood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Yudkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(91)90006-P","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"20","author":"Stampfer, M.J.; Colditz, G.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991;20:47-63.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-12-1016","article-title":"Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in post menopausal women","volume":"117","author":"Grady, D.; Rubin, S.M.; Petitti, D.B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in post menopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(12):1016-37.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072552","article-title":"HRT: Analysis of benefits, risks and costs","volume":"48","author":"Daly, E.; Roche, M.; Barlow, D.; Gray, A.; McPherson, K.; Vessey, M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Daly E, Roche M, Barlow D, Gray A, McPherson K, Vessey M. HRT: Analysis of benefits, risks and costs. Br Med Bull 1992;48:368-400.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304153281501","article-title":"Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in post menopausal women","volume":"328","author":"Nabulsi, A.A.; Folsom, A.R.; White, A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A, et al. Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in post menopausal women. N Engl _7 Med 1993;328: 1069-75.","journal-title":"N Engl _7 Med"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072548","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease","volume":"48","author":"Meade, T.W.; Berra, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Meade TW, Berra A. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Br Med Bull 1992;48:276-308.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109123251108","article-title":"Uncertainty about post menopausal estrogen","volume":"325","author":"Goldman, L.; Tosteson, A.N.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Goldman L, Tosteson ANA. Uncertainty about post menopausal estrogen. N EnglJ7 Med 1991;325:800-2.","journal-title":"N EnglJ7 Med"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology: A basic science for clinical medicine","author":"Sackett, D.L.; Haynes, R.B.; Guyatt, G.H.; Tugwell, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. Clinical epidemiology: A basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co Inc, 1991.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03166.x","article-title":"Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy","volume":"94","author":"Hunt, K.; Vessey, M.; McPherson, K.; Coleman, M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, Coleman M. Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br]I Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:620-35.","journal-title":"Br]I Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"620","article-title":"Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of hormone replacement therapy: an updated analysis","volume":"94","author":"Hunt, K.; Vessey, M.; McPherson, K.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K. Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of hormone replacement therapy: an updated analysis. Br Obstet Gynaecol 1990;94:620-35.","journal-title":"Br Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"173","article-title":"The use of hormonal replacement therapy and the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in women. _7 Epidemiol","volume":"43","author":"Thompson, S.G.; Meade, T.W.; Greenberg, G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Thompson SG, Meade TW, Greenberg G. The use of hormonal replacement therapy and the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in women. _7 Epidemiol Community Health 1989;43:173-8.","journal-title":"Community Health"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"821","article-title":"The risk of acute myocardial infarction after oestrogen and oestrogenprogestagen replacement. Br3r Obstet Gynaecol","volume":"99","author":"Falkeborn, M.; Persson, I.; Adami, H.O.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Falkeborn M, Persson I, Adami HO, et al. The risk of acute myocardial infarction after oestrogen and oestrogenprogestagen replacement. Br3r Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99: 821-8."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6779.766","article-title":"Validation of information recorded on general practitioner based computerised data resource in the United Kingdom","volume":"302","author":"Jick, H.; Jick, S.S.; Derby, L.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jick H, Jick SS, Derby LE. Validation of information recorded on general practitioner based computerised data resource in the United Kingdom. BMJ 1991;302:766-8.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Confidence interval analysis (CIA)","author":"Gardner, S.B.; Winter, P.D.; Gardner, M.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gardner SB, Winter PD, Gardner MJ. Confidence interval analysis (CIA). London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1991."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"18","article-title":"Health survey for England 1992","author":"Breeze, E.; Maidment, A.; Bennett, N.; Flatley, J.; Carey, S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Breeze E, Maidment A, Bennett N, Flatley J, Carey S. Health survey for England 1992. London: HMSO, 1994; 18-34."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6788.1317","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework","volume":"302","author":"Wilkes, H.C.; Meade, T.W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wilkes HC, Meade TW. Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework. BMJ 1991;302: 1317-20.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"606","article-title":"Post menopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community","volume":"128","author":"Criqui, M.H.; Suarez, L.; Barrett-Connor, E.; McPhillips, J.; Wingard, D.L.; Garland, C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Criqui MH, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E, McPhillips J, Wingard DL, Garland C. Post menopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community. Am _7 Epidemiol 1988; 128:606-14.","journal-title":"Am _7 Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"525","article-title":"Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy","volume":"133","author":"Hammond, C.B.; Jelovsek, F.R.; Lee, K.L.; Creasman, W.T.; Parker, R.T.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hammond CB, Jelovsek FR, Lee KL, Creasman WT, Parker RT. Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy. Am ] Obstet Gynecol 1979;133:525-36.","journal-title":"Am"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among post menopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort","author":"Wolf, P.H.; Madans, J.H.; Finucane, F.F.; Higgins, M.; Kleinman, J.C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wolf PH, Madans JH, Finucane FF, Higgins M, Kleinman JC. Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among post menopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort. Am Obstet Gynecol 1991;","journal-title":"Am Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Post menopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50: The Framingham study","volume":"313","author":"Wilson, P.W.; Garrison, R.J.; Castelli, W.P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wilson PW, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. Post menopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50: The Framingham study. N Engl Jt Med 1985;313:1044-9.","journal-title":"N Engl Jt Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_20","first-page":"102","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and non contraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the lipid research clinics program follow-up study","volume":"75","author":"Bush, T.L.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Cowan, L.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and non contraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the lipid research clinics program follow-up study. Circulation 1987;75:1 102-9.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80074-7","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy and protection from acute myocardial infarction","volume":"159","author":"Henderson, B.E.; Paganini-Hill, A.; Ross, R.K.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Estrogen replacement therapy and protection from acute myocardial infarction. Am _7 Obstet Cynecol 1988;159:312-17.","journal-title":"Am _7 Obstet Cynecol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109123251102","article-title":"Post menopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Tenyear follow-up from the nurses'","volume":"325","author":"Stampfer, M.J.; Colditz, G.A.; Willett, W.C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Post menopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Tenyear follow-up from the nurses' health study. N Engl _7 Med 1991;325:756-62.","journal-title":"health study. N Engl _7 Med"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Correlates of post menopausal estrogen use and trends through the 1980s in two south-eastem New England communities","volume":"137","author":"Derby, C.A.; Hume, A.L.; Barbour, M.M.; McPhillips, J.B.; Lasater, T.M.; Carleton, R.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Derby CA, Hume AL, Barbour MM, McPhillips JB, Lasater TM, Carleton RA. Correlates of post menopausal estrogen use and trends through the 1980s in two south-eastem New England communities. Am _7 Epidemiol 1993;137: 1125-35."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"26","article-title":"Relation between cigarette smoking and use of hormonal replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms. _7 Epidemiol","volume":"41","author":"Greenberg, G.; Thompson, S.G.; Meade, T.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Greenberg G, Thompson SG, Meade TW. Relation between cigarette smoking and use of hormonal replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms. _7 Epidemiol Community Health 1987;41:26-9.","journal-title":"Community Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(91)90033-Z","article-title":"Premenopausal determinants of menopausal estrogen use","volume":"20","author":"Egeland, G.M.; Kuller, L.H.; Matthews, K.A.; Kelsey, S.F.; Cauley, J.; Guzick, D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Egeland GM, Kuller LH, Matthews KA, Kelsey SF, Cauley J, Guzick D. Premenopausal determinants of menopausal estrogen use. Prev Med 1991;20:343-9.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.44.4.265","article-title":"Magnitude and causes of socio-economic differentials in mortality: further evidence from the Whitehall study","volume":"44","author":"G, Davey Smith; MJ, Shipley; G, Rose","year":"1990","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Magnitude and causes of socio-economic differentials in mortality: further evidence from the Whitehall study. 7 Epidemiol Community Health 1990;44:265-70.","journal-title":"7 Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92085-4","article-title":"Mortality decline and widening social inequalities","volume":"ii:","author":"Marmot, M.G.; McDowall, M.E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marmot MG, McDowall ME. Mortality decline and widening social inequalities. Lancet 1986;ii:274-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"277","article-title":"Use ofhormone replacement therapy in 1976-89 by 45-64 year old Finnish women. _7 Epidemiol","volume":"45","author":"Topo, P.; Klaukka, T.; Hemminki, E.; Uutela, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Topo P, Klaukka T, Hemminki E, Uutela A. Use ofhormone replacement therapy in 1976-89 by 45-64 year old Finnish women. _7 Epidemiol Community Health 1991;45:277-80.","journal-title":"Community Health"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Risk of vascular disease in women. Smoking, oral contraceptives, non contraceptive estrogens, and other factors","volume":"242","author":"Petitti, D.B.; Wingerd, J.; Pellegrin, F.; Ramcharan, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Petitti DB, Wingerd J, Pellegrin F, Ramcharan S. Risk of vascular disease in women. Smoking, oral contraceptives, non contraceptive estrogens, and other factors. _7AMA 1979;242: 1150-4."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.49.4.389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T18:10:41Z","timestamp":1759515041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.49.4.389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.49.4.389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.49.4.389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-005X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1470-2738"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]}}}