{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:30:48Z","timestamp":1774125048752,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>(1) To compare the incidence of active tuberculosis in HIV positive and HIV negative drug users. (2) To describe the main characteristics of the tuberculosis cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A prospective study was performed from 1986 to 1996 as part of an ongoing cohort study of HIV infection in Amsterdam drug users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from the cohort study, including HIV serostatus and CD4-cell numbers, were completed with data from the tuberculosis registration of the tuberculosis department of the Amsterdam Municipal Health Service. Analyses were carried out with person time and survival methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 872 participants, 24 persons developed culture confirmed tuberculosis during a total follow up period of 4000 person years (0.60 per 100 py, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.90). Nineteen cases were HIV positive (1.54 per 100 py, 95% CI: 0.86, 2.11) and five HIV negative (0.18 per 100 py, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.43). Multivariately HIV infection (relative risk: 12.9; 95% CI: 3.4, 48.8) and age above 33 years (RR: 6.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 35.0, as compared with age below 27) increased the risk for tuberculosis substantially. Additional findings were: (1) 13 of 22 pulmonary tuberculosis cases (59%) were detected by half yearly radiographic screening of the chest; (2) tuberculosis occurred relatively early in the course of HIV infection at a mean CD4 cell number of 390\/\u03bcl; (3) an estimated two thirds of the incidence of tuberculosis observed among HIV positive cases was caused by reactivation; (4) all but one patient completed the tuberculosis treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV infection increases the risk for active tuberculosis in Amsterdam drug users 13-fold. The incidence of tuberculosis in HIV negative drug users is still six times higher than in the overall Amsterdam population. In the absence  of contact tracing and screening with  tuberculin skin tests, periodic chest  radiographic screening contributes substantially to early casefinding of active tuberculosis in Amsterdam drug users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.1.64","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:33:18Z","timestamp":1027751598000},"page":"64-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["How does tuberculosis relate to HIV positive and HIV negative drug users?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Sytze T","family":"Keizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miranda M W","family":"Langendam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"van Deutekom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roel A","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik J C","family":"van Ameijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Tuberculosis-United States, 1985-and the possible impact of human T-lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection.","volume":"35","year":"1986","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.6.1439","article-title":"Two year incidence of tuberculosis in cohorts of HIV-infected and uninfected urban Rwandan women.","volume":"146","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.3.501","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV infection in Zaire.","volume":"143","author":"Braun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630400053020"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630400053020","article-title":"Drug dependence, a possible new risk factor for tuberculosis disease.","volume":"139","author":"Reichman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198802000-00010","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infections among drug users and drug using prostitutes in Amsterdam.","volume":"2","author":"van den Hoek","year":"1988","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.4.547","article-title":"HIV prevalence and risk behaviour among injecting drug users who participate in \u2018low threshold\u2019 methadone programs in Amsterdam.","volume":"82","author":"Hartgers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200901"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200901","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"320","author":"Selwyn","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/5.4.253"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/5.4.253","article-title":"Incidence of tuberculosis among drug addicts in Amsterdam methadone programmes.","volume":"5","author":"van Brussel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100303035954000_54.1.64.12","unstructured":"Anon (1995) Beleid ten aanzien van risicogroepen voor tuberculose in Nederland, rapportage van de Commissie voor Practische Tuberculosebestrijding. 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