{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:21:54Z","timestamp":1772151714892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n STUDY OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n Premature mortality associated with alcohol intake is of particular concern in several countries of the former Soviet Union. This study explored self reported alcohol consumption (beer, wine, spirits) and its determinants in the Baltic Republics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n Cross sectional surveys conducted in 1997.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SETTINGS<\/jats:title>\n Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:title>\n Representative samples of adults age 19\u201364 (Estonia n=2010; Latvia n=2258; Lithuania n=2139).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Between country differences in the frequency of alcohol intake were estimated. The odds of consuming alcohol weekly according to socioeconomic characteristics (age, ethnicity, rural\/urban area, education, income) were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusting for all variables simultaneously.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The proportion of respondents consuming alcohol weekly varied by country (p<0.001) (men: Estonia=61% Latvia=41% Lithuania=55%; women: Estonia=26% Latvia=8% Lithuania=14%). Within each country, this proportion decreased with age in both sexes (p<0.001), and increased with income in women (p<0.01). In Estonia, the odds of drinking alcohol weekly was significantly lower in respondents of Russian than of Estonian ethnicity (odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI): men=0.51 (0.36, 0.71); women=0.57 (0.39, 0.81)). In Lithuania, the odds was higher in highly educated men than in those with a low education level (OR=1.48 (1.01, 2.17)). Daily alcohol intake was higher in Estonia than in the other countries, as was the percentage of respondents drinking heavily (equivalent to 80 g\/day).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Approximately half the men and one in six women in the Baltic States reported consuming alcohol at least weekly. Age and income were the strongest and most consistent correlates of the likelihood of consuming alcohol weekly. Ethnic differences were observed only in Estonia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.5.361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:33:18Z","timestamp":1027751598000},"page":"361-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Alcohol consumption in the Baltic Republics"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"McKee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joceline","family":"Pomerleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iveta","family":"Pudule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiga","family":"Grinberga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamelija","family":"Kadziauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Algis","family":"Abaravicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirje","family":"Vaask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)03360-6"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.5.328"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7154.312"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7154.312","article-title":"Economic change, crime, and mortality crisis in Russia: a regional analysis.","volume":"317","author":"Walberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.5","unstructured":"WHO (1998) Health for all database. (WHO, Copenhagen)."},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.6","unstructured":"Harkin AM Anderson P Goos C (1997) Smoking, drinking and drug taking in the European Region. (WHO, Copenhagen)."},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00886.x"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00886.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of coronary heart disease-Influence of alcohol.","volume":"18","author":"Klatsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1993.54.334","article-title":"Validity and reliability of self-reported drinking behaviour: dealing with the problem of reporting bias.","volume":"54","author":"Embree","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.10","unstructured":"Grabauskas V Klumbiene J Petkeviciene J (1998) Suaugusiu Lietuvos zmoniu gyvensenos tyrimas, 1996. [Health behaviour survey among Lithuanian adult population, Spring 1996]. (KTL, Helsinki)."},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.11","unstructured":"Kasmel A Lipand A Kasmel K (1997) Eesti taikasvanud elanikkonna tervisek\u00e4itumise uuring, kevad 1996. [Health behaviour among Estonian adult population.] (KTL, Helsinki)."},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.5.277","article-title":"Patterns of smoking in the Baltic Republics.","volume":"53","author":"Pudule","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.13","unstructured":"Anderson P (1995) Alcohol and the risk of physical harm. in Alcohol policy and public policy: evidence and issues. eds Holder HD Edwards G (Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford), pp 38\u201361."},{"key":"2025100704454646000_54.5.361.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9468579.x","article-title":"Alcohol consumption in a national sample of the Russian population.","volume":"94","author":"Bobak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.54.5.361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:45:53Z","timestamp":1759837553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.54.5.361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.54.5.361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.54.5.361","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]]}}}