{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:53:27Z","timestamp":1792612407604,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While female sex workers (FSWs) face a high burden of violence and criminalisation, coupled with low access to safe, non-coercive care, little is known about such experiences among FSWs in conflict-affected settings, particularly as they relate to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and rights. We explored factors associated with lifetime abortions among FSWs in northern Uganda; and separately modelled the independent effect of lifetime exposures to incarceration and living in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps on coerced and unsafe abortions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Analyses are based on a community-based cross-sectional research project in Gulu District, northern Uganda (2011\u20132012) with The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Gulu, FSWs, and other community organisations. We conducted questionnaires, sex worker\/community-led outreach to sex work venues, and voluntary HIV testing by TASO.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 400 FSWs, 62 had ever accessed an abortion. In a multivariable model, gendered violence, both childhood mistreatment\/or abuse at home [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.99\u20133.90] and workplace violence by clients (AOR 3.57; 95% CI 1.31\u20139.72) were linked to increased experiences of abortion. Lifetime exposure to incarceration retained an independent effect on increased odds of coerced abortion (AOR 5.16; 95% CI 1.39\u201319.11), and living in IDP camps was positively associated with unsafe abortion (AOR 4.71; 95% CI 1.42\u201315.61).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results suggest a critical need for removal of legal and social barriers to realising the SRH rights of all women, and ensuring safe, voluntary access to reproductive choice for marginalised and criminalised populations of FSWs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2016-101492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T20:55:21Z","timestamp":1486673721000},"page":"201-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Incarceration and exposure to internally displaced persons camps associated with reproductive rights abuses among sex workers in northern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Erickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira M","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Akello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization Gulu, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Muzaaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization Gulu, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Birungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(12)39623-7","article-title":"Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems","volume":"20","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.2","unstructured":"Centre for Reproductive Rights, the International Women's Human Rights Clinic at Georgetown Law and the O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health at Georgetown Law. The Stakes are High: The Tragic Impact of Unsafe Abortion and Inadequate Access to Contraception in Uganda . 2013. http:\/\/tbinternet.ohchr.org\/Treaties\/CESCR\/Shared%20Documents\/UGA\/INT_CESCR_CSS_UGA_20279_E.pdf."},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.10.002","article-title":"Coerced sexual debut and lifetime abortion attempts among women in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"104","author":"Polis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-12-38","article-title":"In the face of war: examining sexual vulnerabilities of Acholi adolescent girls living in displacement camps in conflict-affected Northern Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(02)00026-5","article-title":"Safe abortion: a right for refugees?","volume":"10","author":"Lehmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1353\/eas.2011.0002","article-title":"Encampment of communities in war-affected areas and its effect on their livelihood security and reproductive health: the case of Northern Uganda","volume":"27","author":"Mulumba","year":"2011","journal-title":"East Afr Soc Sci Res Rev"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087527"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9985-z"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413498858"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.04.029","article-title":"Structural determinants of dual contraceptive use among female sex workers in Gulu, northern Uganda","volume":"131","author":"Erickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-61"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.748863"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.763187"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60800-X"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.17","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. Abducted and Abused: Renewed Conflict in Northern Uganda . Human Rights Watch Vol. 15, No. 12(A), 2003."},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206778691077"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-8-5","article-title":"After abduction: exploring access to reintegration programs and mental health status among young female abductees in Northern Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Muldoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/13533312.2013.846136","article-title":"Homosexuality, sex work, and HIV\/AIDS in displacement and post-conflict settings: the case of refugees in Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Nyanzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Peacekeeping"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S21351","article-title":"Incarceration history relative to health, substance use, and violence in a sample of vulnerable South African women: implications for health services in criminal justice settings","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027235"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a98ee6"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0680-0"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813","article-title":"Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies","volume":"138","author":"Maldonado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.32.2.142"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.07.003"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.04.006"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.29","unstructured":"Singh S , Moore A , Bankole A , et al . Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in Uganda: Causes and Consequences. 2006. https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/pubs\/2006\/11\/27\/UgandaUPIA.pdf [accessed 4 November 2016]."},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441690701267048"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3583304"},{"key":"2025090510405618000_43.3.201.32","unstructured":"Egamberdi N. HIV and Prisons in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities for Action. 2007. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2007\/10\/9110393\/hiv-prisons-sub-saharan-africa-opportunities-action."}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jfprhc-2016-101492","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T18:03:29Z","timestamp":1757095409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jfprhc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jfprhc-2016-101492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jfprhc-2016-101492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jfprhc-2016-101492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-1893","2045-2098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-1893","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-2098","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]]}}}