{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:41:04Z","timestamp":1781764864952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As no vaccines are 100% effective at preventing illness, COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough cases are expected. We here aim to review the most recent literature on COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections are, in general, rare. Age may still be a factor in SARS-CoV-2 infections in immunized individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T11:45:56Z","timestamp":1656503156000},"page":"1429-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after COVID-19 immunization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Hirsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thwe","family":"Htay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhang","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4359-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100124"},{"key":"bibr2-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104811"},{"key":"bibr3-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00675-9"},{"key":"bibr4-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab229"},{"key":"bibr5-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2101927"},{"key":"bibr6-jim-2021-002131","volume-title":"FDA Briefing document. Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19","author":"Inc. JB","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr7-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2020.04.038"},{"key":"bibr8-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101904"},{"key":"bibr9-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7038e1"},{"key":"bibr10-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111272"},{"key":"bibr11-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000003"},{"key":"bibr12-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. About variants of the virus that causes COVID-19, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/transmission\/variant.html"},{"key":"bibr13-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Control CfD. Variant proportions 2021, 2021. Available: https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/#variant-proportions"},{"key":"bibr14-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009406"},{"key":"bibr15-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"CDC. COVID-19 breakthrough case investigations and reporting, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/health-departments\/breakthrough-cases.html"},{"key":"bibr16-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1000"},{"key":"bibr17-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.05.018"},{"key":"bibr18-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab543"},{"key":"bibr19-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. Monitoring incidence of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, by vaccination status - 13 U.S. jurisdictions, April 4\u2013July 17, 2021, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/70\/wr\/mm7037e1.htm?s_cid=mm7037e1_w#T1_down"},{"key":"bibr20-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. CDC COVID data Tracker, 2021. Available: https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/vaccinationsvacc-total-admin-rate-totalAhttps:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/vaccinations-pregnant-womenAhttps:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/datatracker-homeAhttps:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-trac"},{"key":"bibr21-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/L21-0491"},{"key":"bibr22-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19063"},{"key":"bibr23-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Center JHCR. State breakthrough case data inconsistencies, 2021. Available: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/pandemic-data-initiative\/data-outlook\/the-state-of-state-level-breakthrough-case-reporting"},{"key":"bibr24-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Times TNY. Covid-19 vaccinations: County and state Tracker, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/us\/covid-19-vaccine-doses.html"},{"key":"bibr25-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Health VDo. Testing 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.healthvermont.gov\/covid-19\/testing"},{"key":"bibr26-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7044e1"},{"key":"bibr27-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Health RIDo. Ri department of health COVID-19 response, 2021. Available: https:\/\/ri-department-of-health-covid-19-response-vaccine-data-rihealth.hub.arcgis.com\/"},{"key":"bibr28-jim-2021-002131","unstructured":"Massachusetts Co. Massachusetts COVID-19 vaccination data and updates, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/massachusetts-covid-19-vaccination-data-and-updates"},{"key":"bibr29-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19499"},{"key":"bibr30-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.08.21251329"},{"key":"bibr31-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.010"},{"key":"bibr32-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1830683"},{"key":"bibr33-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa518"},{"key":"bibr34-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl9551"},{"key":"bibr35-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2113017"},{"key":"bibr36-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110345"},{"key":"bibr37-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02183-8"},{"key":"bibr38-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.44.2100977"},{"key":"bibr39-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00090-3"},{"key":"bibr40-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00214-3"},{"key":"bibr41-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-03672-3"},{"key":"bibr42-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7104a2"},{"key":"bibr43-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.21.21258990"},{"key":"bibr44-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105000"},{"key":"bibr45-jim-2021-002131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7017e1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/jim-2021-002131","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1136\/jim-2021-002131","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1136\/jim-2021-002131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:38:05Z","timestamp":1777459085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1136\/jim-2021-002131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jim-2021-002131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jim-2021-002131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1081-5589","1708-8267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1081-5589","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}