{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:20:50Z","timestamp":1789759250217,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princee Nourha bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2022R118. Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman U"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R118. Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman U"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent evidence has linked certain mammographic characteristics, including breast calcifications (Bcs) and mammographic density (MD), with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in women, but data are limited and inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association of MD and\/or Bcs with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in women \u226540 years of age. Through hospital electronic records, we retrospectively identified mammograms of non-pregnant women aged \u226540 years and without breast cancer and retrieved reports and relevant data. MD and Bcs were recorded; risk factor status was diagnosed based on treatment profile and clinical and laboratory data. In total, 1406\u2009women were included. MD was inversely related to hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, triglyceride levels, age, and body mass index (BMI) (p value for trend &lt;0.001). Bcs were positively associated with hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, age, BMI, and elevated creatinine (p&lt;0.05). Controlling for age and BMI, MD category A (MD-A) was independently associated with hypercholesterolemia; Bcs were independently associated with diabetes. Combining MD-A with Bcs did not increase the odds significantly. Analysis for additive interactions revealed a significant interaction between MD-A and BMI, increasing the odds of hypertension, and a trend for increased odds of diabetes by adding MD-A and\/or Bcs to BMI. Decreased MD and presence of Bcs are associated with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in women \u226540 years of age. MD-A may represent a new obesity index independently associated with hypercholesterolemia and additive to hypertension risk. Bcs are independently associated with diabetes. Combining MD and Bcs did not improve the odds significantly, which may reflect mechanistic differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T12:07:11Z","timestamp":1645445231000},"page":"1308-1315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of Mammographic Density and Benign Breast Calcifications Individually or Combined with Hypertension, Diabetes, and Hypercholesterolemia in Women \u226540 Years of Age: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Al-Mohaissen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences (Cardiology), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwa","family":"Alkhedeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohoud","family":"Al-Madani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Informatics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Hamdoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al-Harbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038092"},{"key":"bibr2-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210973"},{"key":"bibr3-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-0857-5"},{"key":"bibr4-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.22810"},{"key":"bibr5-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000065"},{"key":"bibr6-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000677"},{"key":"bibr7-jim-2021-002296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002"},{"key":"bibr8-jim-2021-002296","unstructured":"American College of Radiology. 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