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While the underlying mechanisms of this evolution remain elusive, immunomodulatory factors affecting the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment are suspected to play a role. There is an increasing evidence that the gut microbiome exerts an influence on its host\u2019s adaptive and innate immune systems, inflammatory pathways and the BM microenvironment. Dysbiosis, therefore, may impact tumorigenesis in MM. This article gives an overview of potential mechanisms by which the microbiome may influence the pathogenesis of MM, MM patients\u2019 responses to treatment and toxicities experienced by MM patients undergoing autologous transplant. It also discusses the potential role of the mycobiome in MM, a less studied component of the microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T06:35:12Z","timestamp":1592980512000},"page":"e000576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Influence of gut microbiome on multiple myeloma: friend or foe?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nausheen","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Ghannoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Gallogly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Malek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308063463000_8.1.e000576.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0561-9"},{"key":"2025100308063463000_8.1.e000576.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-246660"},{"key":"2025100308063463000_8.1.e000576.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12233"},{"key":"2025100308063463000_8.1.e000576.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-2922"},{"key":"2025100308063463000_8.1.e000576.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190310001607142"},{"key":"2025100308063463000_8.1.e000576.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29478","article-title":"CD4 + T cells in chronic autoantigenic stimulation in MGUS, multiple myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia","volume":"137","author":"Neumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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