{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:12:52Z","timestamp":1783941172148,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to rise worldwide. To date, there is no effective treatment. Clinical management is largely symptomatic, with organ support in intensive care for critically ill patients. The first phase I trial to test the efficacy of a vaccine has recently begun, but in the meantime there is an urgent need to decrease the morbidity and mortality of severe cases. It is known that patients with cancer are more susceptible to infection than individuals without cancer because of their systemic immunosuppressive state caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments. Therefore, these patients might be at increased risk of pulmonary complications from COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 could in some case induce excessive and aberrant non-effective host immune responses that are associated with potentially fatal severe lung injury and patients can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cytokine release syndrome and viral ARDS result from uncontrolled severe acute inflammation. Acute lung injury results from inflammatory monocyte and macrophage activation in the pulmonary luminal epithelium which lead to a release of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1. These cytokines play a crucial role in immune-related pneumonitis, and could represent a promising target when the infiltration is T cell predominant or there are indirect signs of high IL-6-related inflammation, such as elevated C-reactive protein. A monoclonal anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab has been administered in a number of cases in China and Italy. Positive clinical and radiological outcomes have been reported. These early findings have led to an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial in China and Italy. While data from those trials are eagerly awaited, patients\u2019 management will continue to rely for the vast majority on local guidelines. Among many other aspects, this crisis has proven that different specialists must join forces to deliver the best possible care to patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T05:14:48Z","timestamp":1589951688000},"page":"e000892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["COVID-19 and lung cancer: risks, mechanisms and treatment interactions"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04319900","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02804945","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03608592","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Addeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Service Immunologie et Allergie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Friedlaender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.1","unstructured":"WHO . Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19)-SITUATION REPORT 51 2019."},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baud D , Qi X , Nielsen-Saines K , et al . Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2020.doi:10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30195-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30195-X"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao B , Wang Y , Wen D , et al . A trial of Lopinavir\u2013Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020.doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-0233-6"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3816\/CLC.2003.n.021"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4050833"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143394","article-title":"Th17 cells and the IL-23\/IL-17 axis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Bunte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-2997"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30096-6"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu J , Ouyang W , Chua MLK , et al . SARS-CoV-2 transmission in patients with cancer at a tertiary care hospital in Wuhan, China. JAMA Oncology 2020.doi:10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.0980","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.22.20025320"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.14","article-title":"[Expert recommendations on the management of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer during epidemic of COVID-19 (Trial version)]","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan Q , Yang K , Wang W , et al . Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Medicine 2020:1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4683","article-title":"Case-Fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0536-x","article-title":"Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.19","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.21","article-title":"Interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway","volume":"3","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science Signaling"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00182"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.005","article-title":"Th17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: an emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.01.025"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.28","first-page":"L564","article-title":"Interferon-Gamma regulation of interleukin 6 in monocytic cells","volume":"267","author":"Biondillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.003035"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00055","article-title":"Macrophage Activation-Like syndrome: a distinct entity leading to early death in sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Karakike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30828-3","article-title":"New therapeutic perspectives to manage refractory immune checkpoint-related toxicities","volume":"20","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001463","article-title":"Preemptive mitigation of CD19 CAR T-cell cytokine release syndrome without attenuation of antileukemic efficacy","volume":"134","author":"Gardner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu L , Wei Q , Lin Q , et al . Anti\u2013spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI Insight 2019;4.doi:10.1172\/jci.insight.123158","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123158"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2","article-title":"Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury","volume":"395","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0127-9","article-title":"Potential benefits of precise corticosteroids therapy for severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001402"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155217745144"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascierto P . SITC statement on anti-IL-6\/IL-6R for COVID-19. JITC 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00141-w"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202117"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.015"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao X , Ye F , Zhang M , et al . In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;10.doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"2025100306513268000_8.1.e000892.46","article-title":"How we treat patients with lung cancer during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: primum non nocere","volume":"5","author":"Banna","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESMO Open"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2020-000892","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T13:51:41Z","timestamp":1759499501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2020-000892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jitc-2020-000892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2020-000892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}