{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:39:11Z","timestamp":1791362351726,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Adicet Therapeutics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glypican-3 (GPC-3) is an oncofetal protein that is highly expressed in various solid tumors, but rarely expressed in healthy adult tissues and represents a rational target of particular relevance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) \u03b1\u03b2 T cell therapies have established significant clinical benefit in hematologic malignancies, although efficacy in solid tumors has been limited due to several challenges including T cell homing, target antigen heterogeneity, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Gamma delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells are highly cytolytic effectors that can recognize and kill tumor cells through major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent antigens upregulated under stress. The V\u03b41 subset is preferentially localized in peripheral tissue and engineering with CARs to further enhance intrinsic antitumor activity represents an attractive approach to overcome challenges for conventional T cell therapies in solid tumors. Allogeneic V\u03b41 CAR T cell therapy may also overcome other hurdles faced by allogeneic \u03b1\u03b2 T cell therapy, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed the first example of allogeneic CAR V\u03b41 T cells that have been expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and genetically modified to express a 4-1BB\/CD3z CAR against GPC-3. The CAR construct (GPC-3.CAR\/secreted interleukin-15 (sIL)-15) additionally encodes a constitutively-secreted form of IL-15, which we hypothesized could sustain proliferation and antitumor activity of intratumoral V\u03b41 T cells expressing GPC-3.CAR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GPC-3.CAR\/sIL-15 V\u03b41 T cells expanded from PBMCs on average 20,000-fold and routinely reached &gt;80% purity. Expanded V\u03b41 T cells showed a primarily na\u00efve-like memory phenotype with limited exhaustion marker expression and displayed robust in vitro proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity against HCC cell lines expressing low (PLC\/PRF\/5) and high (HepG2) GPC-3 levels. In a subcutaneous HepG2 mouse model in immunodeficient NSG mice, GPC-3.CAR\/sIL-15 V\u03b41 T cells primarily accumulated and proliferated in the tumor, and a single dose efficiently controlled tumor growth without evidence of xenogeneic GvHD. Importantly, compared with GPC-3.CAR V\u03b41 T cells lacking sIL-15, GPC-3.CAR\/sIL-15 V\u03b41 T cells displayed greater proliferation and resulted in enhanced therapeutic activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expanded V\u03b41 T cells engineered with a GPC-3 CAR and sIL-15 represent a promising platform warranting further clinical evaluation as an off-the-shelf treatment of HCC and potentially other GPC-3-expressing solid tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T11:17:18Z","timestamp":1639653438000},"page":"e003441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["Off-the-shelf V\u03b41 gamma delta T cells engineered with glypican-3 (GPC-3)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and soluble IL-15 display robust antitumor efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04735471","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5212-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani","family":"Makkouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue (Cher)","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Barca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adicet Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adicet 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