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While there are many causes for ICI insensitivity, recent studies suggest that suppression of innate immune gene expression in tumor cells could be a root cause of this insensitivity and an important factor in the evolution of tumor immunosuppression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We first assessed the reduction of mitochondrial antiviral signaling gene (MAVS) and related RIG-I pathway gene expression in several patient RNA expression datasets. We then engineered MAVS expressing tumor cells and tested their ability to elicit innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, which we then confirmed using MAVS expressing viral vectors. Finally, we observed that MAVS stimulated PD-L1 expression in multiple cell types and then assessed the combination of PD-L1 ICI antibodies with MAVS tumor expression in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MAVS was significantly downregulated in CRCs, but its re-expression could stimulate broad cellular interferon-related responses, in both murine and patient-derived CRCs. In vivo, local MAVS expression elicited significant anti-tumor responses in both immune-sensitive and insensitive CRC models, through the stimulation of an interferon responsive axis that provoked tumor antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Critically, we found that tumor-intrinsic MAVS expression triggered systemic adaptive immune responses that enabled abscopal CD8 +T cell cytotoxicity against distant CRCs. As MAVS also induced PD-L1 expression, we further found synergistic anti-tumor responses in combination with anti-PD-L1 ICIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data demonstrate that intratumoral MAVS expression results in local and systemic tumor antigen-specific T cell responses, which could be combined with PD-L1 ICI to permit effective anti-tumor immunotherapy in ICI resistant cancers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T16:20:51Z","timestamp":1648743651000},"page":"e003721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Sensitizing immune unresponsive colorectal cancers to immune checkpoint inhibitors through MAVS overexpression"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bin-Jin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Chung","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaitanya R","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gangjun","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Osada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0063-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert Kim","family":"Lyerly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary Conrad","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00556"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0367"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4128"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112043"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.018"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.117"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.018"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500596"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6733"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0599-y","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of MSI-H\/MMR-D colorectal cancer and a perspective on resistance mechanisms","volume":"121","author":"Sahin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_200821","article-title":"Where We Stand With Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer : Toxicity Management","volume":"38","author":"Overman","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book"},{"key":"2023071206461599000_10.3.e003721.13","first-page":"249","article-title":"Correspondence re: C.R. 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