{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1782284655506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cancer Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000940","name":"Aflac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA138292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA138292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Black and Hispanic children with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) experience worse outcomes compared with their non-Hispanic white (NHW) counterparts. Immune-based approaches have begun to transform the therapeutic landscape in children with B-ALL. Recent studies identified several alterations in both innate and adaptive immune cells in children with B-ALL that may impact disease risk and outcome. However, the impact of racial\/ethnic background on immune microenvironment is less studied, as children of minorities background have to date been severely under-represented in such studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed high-dimensional analysis of bone marrow from 85 children with newly diagnosed B-ALL (Hispanic=29, black=18, NHW=38) using mass cytometry with 40 and 38-marker panels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Race\/ethnicity-associated differences were most prominent in the innate immune compartment. Hispanic patients had significantly increased proportion of distinct mature CD57 +T-bet+DR+ NK cells compared with other cohorts. These differences were most apparent within standard risk (SR) patients with Hispanic SR patients having greater numbers of CD57 +NK cells compared with other cohorts (43% vs 26% p=0.0049). Hispanic and Black children also had distinct alterations in myeloid cells, with a significant increase in a population of non-classical activated HLA-DR +CD16+myeloid cells, previously implicated in disease progression, compared with NHW counterparts. Racial background also correlated with altered expression of inhibitory checkpoint PD-L1 on myeloid cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are surprisingly substantial race\/ethnicity-based differences in innate immune cells of children with newly diagnosed B-ALL. These differences urge the need to enhance accrual of children from minorities background in immunetherapy trials and may impact their outcome following such therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T11:05:39Z","timestamp":1655377539000},"page":"e004774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of race\/ethnicity with innate immune tumor microenvironment of children with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Julie R","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disprders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himalee S","family":"Sabnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disprders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Radzievski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deon B","family":"Doxie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"DeRyckere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disprders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M","family":"Castellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disprders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0587-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavita","family":"Dhodapkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disprders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A"},{"name":"Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 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socioeconomic status on outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"38","author":"Acharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2025100311174380000_10.6.e004774.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12481","article-title":"Comparative pharmacogenetic analysis of risk polymorphisms in Caucasian and Vietnamese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prediction of therapeutic outcome?","volume":"79","author":"Hoang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025100311174380000_10.6.e004774.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.4671"},{"key":"2025100311174380000_10.6.e004774.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.4.813","article-title":"Racial differences in the survival of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pediatric Oncology Group study","volume":"18","author":"Pollock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin 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Risk associated alterations in marrow T cells in pediatric leukemia. 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