{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:55:19Z","timestamp":1793145319150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Foundation","award":["32003B_175559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_175559"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold> Bladder cancer is an important public health concern due to its prevalence, high risk of recurrence and associated cost of management. Although BCG instillation for urothelial cancer treatment is the gold-standard treatment for this indication, repeated BCG treatments are associated with significant toxicity and failure, underlining the necessity for alternative or complementary immunotherapy and overall for better understanding of T-cell responses generated within bladder mucosa. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have long been recognized as a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment for the control of tumor. Among TIL, unconventional \u03b3\u03b4 T cells sparked interest due to their potent antitumor functions. Although preclinical mouse xenograft models demonstrated the relevance of using \u03b3\u03b4 T cells as a novel therapy for bladder cancer (BCa), the contribution of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in BCa patients\u2019 pathology remains unaddressed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold> Therefore, we first determined the proportion of intratumor \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in muscle-invasive patients with BCa by deconvoluting data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the frequency of blood V\u03b41, V\u03b42, and total \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, by flow cytometry, from 80 patients with BCa (40 non-muscle and 40 muscle-invasive patients with BCa), as well as from 20 age-matched non-tumor patients. Then we investigated in vitro which treatment may promote BCa tumor cell recognition by \u03b3\u03b4 T cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold> We observed a decrease of \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell abundance in the tumor compared with corresponding normal adjacent tissue, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment may alter \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Yet, high intratumor \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell proportions were significantly associated with better patient survival outcomes, potentially due to V\u03b42 T cells. In the blood of patients with BCa, we observed a lower frequency of total \u03b3\u03b4, V\u03b41, and V\u03b42 T cells compared with non-tumor patients, similarly to the TCGA analysis. In addition, a favorable clinical outcome is associated with a high frequency of circulating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, which might be mainly attributed to the V\u03b42 T-cell subset. Furthermore, in vitro assays revealed that either BCG, Zoledronate, or anti-BTN3 agonistic antibody treatment of bladder tumor cells induced V\u03b42 T-cell cytolytic (CD107a<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and cytokine-production (IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1). Strikingly, combining BCG and Zoledronate treatments significantly elicited the most quantitative and qualitative response by increasing the frequency and the polyfunctionality of bladder tumor-reactive V\u03b42 T cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold> Overall, our results suggest that (1) V\u03b42 T cells might play a prominent role in bladder tumor control and (2) non-muscle invasive patients with BCa undergoing BCG therapy may benefit from Zoledronate administration by boosting V\u03b42 T cells\u2019 antitumor activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T11:12:55Z","timestamp":1661339575000},"page":"e004880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["V\u03b42 T cells are associated with favorable clinical outcomes in patients with bladder cancer and their tumor reactivity can be boosted by BCG and zoledronate treatments"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6508-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu F","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"INSERM U976, HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy), H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulayman","family":"Benmerzoug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Cesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Research Unit and Urology Biobank, Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia-Cristina","family":"Rodrigues-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Research 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