{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:56:44Z","timestamp":1789012604183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022940","name":"Kahlert Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are crucial for protection from future COVID-19 infections, limiting disease severity, and control of viral transmission. While patients with the most common type of hematologic malignancy, B cell lymphoma, often develop insufficient antibody responses to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, vaccine-induced T cells would have the potential to \u2018rescue\u2019 protective immunity in patients with B cell lymphoma. Here we report the case of a patient with B cell lymphoma with profound B cell depletion after initial chemoimmunotherapy who received a total of six doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. The patient developed vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies only after the fifth and sixth doses of the vaccine once his B cells had started to recover. Remarkably, even in the context of severe treatment-induced suppression of the humoral immune system, the patient was able to mount virus-specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> responses that were much stronger than what would be expected in healthy subjects after two to three doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and which were even able to target the Omicron \u2018immune escape\u2019 variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These findings not only have important implications for anti-COVID-19 vaccination strategies but also for future antitumor vaccines in patients with cancer with profound treatment-induced immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T23:40:29Z","timestamp":1658101229000},"page":"e004953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its Omicron variant in a patient with B cell lymphoma after multiple doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Djordje","family":"Atanackovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Kreitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy M","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Destiny","family":"Omili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Iraguha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D","family":"Burbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIDCR, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etse","family":"Gebru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron P","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100307565755000_10.7.e004953.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"2025100307565755000_10.7.e004953.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"2025100307565755000_10.7.e004953.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9"},{"key":"2025100307565755000_10.7.e004953.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711"},{"key":"2025100307565755000_10.7.e004953.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30442-3"},{"key":"2025100307565755000_10.7.e004953.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008824","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 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