{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:22:59Z","timestamp":1778948579493,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brown Center for Immunotherapy at Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibodies against immune checkpoints are now routinely administered as a first line of treatment against metastatic lung cancer. Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors is, however, frequent, underscoring the need to find alternative treatments. Adoptive T-cell therapy has recently proven effective in treating patient\u2019s refractory to immune checkpoint inhibitors. This provides impetus to characterize the T-cell subsets best able to tackle tumors. The anticancer activities of IL-9-producing CD4 T helper cells (T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>9 cells) were identified in melanoma in 2012. T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>9 cells feature strong antimelanoma effects thanks to their production of interleukin (IL)-9 and the activation of innate and adaptive immune effectors. The ability of T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>9 cells to prevent the growth of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and osteosarcoma (OS), which commonly metastasize to the lungs, is elusive. In this commentary, we discuss the findings of Chen <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic> reported in the JITC demonstrating that T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>9 cells are lung-tropic and eliminate TNBC and OS cells developing in the lungs. We also highlight how these investigations are in line with recent studies indicating that the adoptive transfer of IL-9-producing T cells eliminate aggressive cancers, including hematological tumors like leukemia and solid tumors such as glioblastoma. Altogether, these findings over the past 13 years support the clinical evaluation of T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>9 cells in the adoptive therapy of cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T20:05:56Z","timestamp":1745870756000},"page":"e011522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Go to the scene: T<sub>H<\/sub>9 cells superior migration ability to the lungs explains their exceptional anticancer efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiazhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2774-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Apetoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100310052061000_13.4.e011522.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.9.3989","article-title":"IL-9 production of naive CD4+ T cells depends on IL-2, is synergistically enhanced by a combination of TGF-beta and IL-4, and is inhibited by IFN-gamma","volume":"153","author":"Schmitt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J 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treatment efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients","volume":"5","author":"Nonomura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2025100310052061000_13.4.e011522.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009629","article-title":"Natural lung-tropic TH9 cells: a sharp weapon for established lung metastases","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2025100310052061000_13.4.e011522.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.340356"},{"key":"2025100310052061000_13.4.e011522.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2390"},{"key":"2025100310052061000_13.4.e011522.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09401-9","article-title":"IL-4 together with IL-1\u03b2 induces antitumor Th9 cell differentiation in the absence of TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat 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