{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:11:01Z","timestamp":1789193461669,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PI21\/01353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of cancer of the central nervous system. Despite advances in immunotherapies and standard-of-care treatments for GBMs, clinical outcomes remain limited\u2014owing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the intrinsic resistance of GBM to conventional approaches. As a result, there is growing interest in rational combination strategies, particularly those pairing oncolytic viruses with immune-based therapies or established treatment modalities. Oncolytic viruses, by displaying conditionally enabled tumor cell-restricted replication, while stimulating antitumor immune responses and leaving healthy tissue unharmed, have the potential to reshape the therapeutic landscape in GBM and aid in achieving more durable benefits for patients. This study investigates the use of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) as a potential virotherapy for GBM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro, IBDV infects and replicates within murine GBM cells and patient-derived GBM stem cells, inducing direct oncolysis and activating proinflammatory gene expression programs. IBDV also enhances the cytolytic activity of temozolomide (TMZ) in treated GBM cells, complementing TMZ chemotherapeutic activity. In vivo, treatment with IBDV in CT-2A GBM-bearing syngeneic mice significantly reduced tumor growth and improved survival compared with control mice. Intratumoral administration of IBDV induces a deep remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment, reducing immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages and increasing the ratio of CD8+T cells to regulatory T cells. This reversion of immunosuppression linked to monocyte-derived macrophages has been confirmed on experimental ex vivo infections of explants derived from human GBM donors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support further consideration of IBDV as a novel virotherapeutic agent for GBM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:05:30Z","timestamp":1762326330000},"page":"e011741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) as a novel oncolytic virotherapy in glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01956734","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Vicent","family":"Tur-Planells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Nemesio D\u00edez (IMMA-ND), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonina","family":"Bykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Dawodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Community of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Izpura-Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Nemesio D\u00edez (IMMA-ND), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Rius-Rocabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Nemesio D\u00edez (IMMA-ND), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Palac\u00edn-Aliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Nemesio D\u00edez (IMMA-ND), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Arranz-Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Nemesio D\u00edez (IMMA-ND), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Monago-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Community of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Luisa","family":"del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda de Trasplante e Inmunoterapia, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular (INBIOMIC), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7427-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Ignacio","family":"Rodriguez-Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda de Trasplante e Inmunoterapia, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular (INBIOMIC), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Cano-Ochando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lozano-Ojalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en ciencias de la alimentaci\u00f3n CSIC-UAM, CIAL, Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2458-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estanislao","family":"Nistal-Villan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Nemesio D\u00edez (IMMA-ND), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Ayuso-Sacido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Community of Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Brain Tumour Laboratory, Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cuadrado-Castano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gittleman H, QT , Farah P , Ondracek A , et al . CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2006-2010. Neuro Oncol 2013;15 Suppl 2.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not151"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2016.04.007","article-title":"Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes & Diseases"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112803341798"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01402"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.261982.115"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01036","article-title":"Hypoxia Can Induce Migration of Glioblastoma Cells Through a Methylation-Dependent Control of ODZ1 Gene Expression","volume":"9","author":"Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.FOCUS14494","article-title":"The role of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma","volume":"37","author":"Sundar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000188"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.11","first-page":"417","article-title":"Deregulation of the p14ARF\/MDM2\/p53 pathway is a prerequisite for human astrocytic gliomas with G1-S transition control gene abnormalities","volume":"60","author":"Ichimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.12","first-page":"984","article-title":"Detection of CDKN2 deletions in tumor cell lines and primary glioma by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization","volume":"55","author":"Dreyling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-4608(95)00157-3"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061405","article-title":"Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Oncolytic Activity in Human Glioma Tumors Is Dependent on CDKN2A-Type I IFN Gene Cluster Codeletion","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0029-0"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2015.10.004","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses: Exploiting Cancer\u2019s Deal with the Devil","volume":"1","author":"Pikor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.01.001","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses and the Immune System: The Dynamic Duo","volume":"17","author":"Lemos de Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3770"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207604","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy in Glioma Tumors","volume":"21","author":"Rius-Rocabert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad041"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askari FS , Mohebbi A , Ning J , et al . Editorial: Recent advances in oncolytic virus therapy for brain tumors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023;13. doi:10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1271559","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1271559"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020547","article-title":"Recent Developments in Glioblastoma Therapy: Oncolytic Viruses and Emerging Future Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Hamad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01891-16","article-title":"Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Activates c-Src To Promote \u03b14\u03b21 Integrin-Dependent Viral Entry by Modulating the Downstream Akt-RhoA GTPase-Actin Rearrangement Cascade","volume":"91","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00332-07"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00728-9","article-title":"From nasal to basal: single-cell sequencing of the bursa of Fabricius highlights the IBDV infection mechanism in chickens","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.3.4.456-463.1996","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based detection of antibodies to antigenic subtypes of infectious bursal disease viruses of chickens","volume":"3","author":"Jackwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/494835","article-title":"Growth and replication of infectious bursal disease virus in the DF-1 cell line and chicken embryo fibroblasts","volume":"2014","author":"Rekha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.28","first-page":"863","article-title":"Mouse Fibroblast L929 Cell Line as a Useful Tool for Replication and Adaptation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus","volume":"78","author":"Soleimani S,","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1590888"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03152-12"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030562","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Neoplastic and Immune Stimulatory Properties of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"10","author":"Schirrmacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.32","article-title":"Immune responses elicited by ssRNA(-) oncolytic viruses in the host and in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Bykov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Metastasis Treat"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01888-0","article-title":"Oncolytic avian reovirus-sensitized tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells triggering immunogenic apoptosis in gastric cancer","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-22-0025","article-title":"Avian Paramyxovirus 4 Antitumor Activity Leads to Complete Remissions and Long-term Protective Memory in Preclinical Melanoma and Colon Carcinoma Models","volume":"2","author":"Javaheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00929-14"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.36","unstructured":"Chumakov K. T . A Harmless Avian Vaccine Virus Could Be Developed into an Off-the-Shelf \u201cAntibiotic\u201d for Viruses. Qeios 2024."},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087790","article-title":"Rescue of infectious birnavirus from recombinant ribonucleoprotein complexes","volume":"9","author":"Dalton","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubas-Gaona LL , Diaz-Beneitez E , Ciscar M , et al . Exacerbated Apoptosis of Cells Infected with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus upon Exposure to Interferon Alpha. J Virol 2018;92. doi:10.1128\/JVI.00364-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00364-18"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29929-y","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus enhances the growth-inhibiting and proapoptotic effects of temozolomide on glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.42","first-page":"10","article-title":"Immune responses elicited by ssRNA(-) oncolytic viruses in the host and in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Dawodu G,","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Metastasis Treat"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11101617","article-title":"Engineering Non-Human RNA Viruses for Cancer Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Tur-Planells","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1159\/000103202","article-title":"Modulation of macrophages by infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"117","author":"Khatri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan F , Pang L , Dunterman M , et al . Macrophages and microglia in glioblastoma: heterogeneity, plasticity, and therapy. J Clin Invest 2023;133. doi:10.1172\/JCI163446","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163446"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.22.00476","article-title":"Key Clinical Principles in the Management of Glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Kotecha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50967-w","article-title":"An in situ depot for the sustained release of a TLR7\/8 agonist in combination with a TGF\u03b2 inhibitor promotes anti-tumor immune responses","volume":"15","author":"Serrano-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964898","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.964898","article-title":"Tumor-associated microglia and macrophages in glioblastoma: From basic insights to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.02.004"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15020037"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W , Zhang Q , Li Q , et al . n.d. Innate immune response restarts adaptive immune response in tumors. Front Immunol 14. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1260705","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1260705"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3094642"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.53","unstructured":"Reversing immunosenescence with senolytics to enhance tumor immunotherapy. 2024."},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad176","article-title":"Clinical impact of anti-inflammatory microglia and macrophage phenotypes at glioblastoma margins","volume":"5","author":"Noorani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005293","article-title":"Impact of CD4 T cells on intratumoral CD8 T-cell exhaustion and responsiveness to PD-1 blockade therapy in mouse brain tumors","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0320"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-2130"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.58","unstructured":"High endothelial venules control the journey of stem-like cd8+t cells from lymph node to tumor during cancer immunotherapy with combined anti-pd-1 plus anti-ctla-4 antibodies507 high endothelial venules control the journey of stem-like cd8+t cells from lymph node to tumor during cancer immunotherapy with combined anti-pd-1 plus anti-ctla-4 antibodies. 2022."},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0913"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14081976","article-title":"The Role of Type-2 Conventional Dendritic Cells in the Regulation of Tumor Immunity","volume":"14","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036045","article-title":"Immunosenescence and cancer: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"102","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1036211","article-title":"Poor survival in glioblastoma patients is associated with early signs of immunosenescence in the CD4 T-cell compartment after surgery","volume":"4","author":"Fornara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400779","article-title":"Acquired Temozolomide Resistance Instructs Patterns of Glioblastoma Behavior in Gelatin Hydrogels","volume":"13","author":"Kriuchkovskaia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.64","article-title":"Recent oncolytic virotherapy clinical trials outline a roadmap for the treatment of high-grade glioma","volume":"5","author":"Bernstock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y , Shi F , Zhu J , et al . An update on the clinical trial research of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2025;16. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582296","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582296"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.66","article-title":"P17.14.B phase i trial of dnx-2401 oncolytic adenovirus combined with a short course of dose-dense temozolomide for recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Gallego Perez-Larraya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-oncology"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.123595","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Mechanisms of Delivery","volume":"194","author":"Erickson","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01897-x"},{"key":"2026091123001949000_13.11.e011741.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002","article-title":"Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy?","volume":"70","author":"Groeneveldt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-011741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:00:34Z","timestamp":1789192834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-011741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jitc-2025-011741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-011741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}