{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:46:44Z","timestamp":1791924404502,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0501200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0501200"]}]},{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0501300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0501300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32300676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32300676"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82300132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82350104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82350104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82450001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82450001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82470120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFA1100701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1100701"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFA1100800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1100800"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFA1108302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFA1108302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are often older, which brings challenges of endurance and persistent efficacy of autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies. Allogenic CAR-natural killer (NK) cell therapies may offer reduced toxicities and enhanced anti-leukemic potential against AML. CD33 CAR-NK cells have been investigated for AML therapy. However, the fratricide-mediated lysis of CD33-expressing NK cells by CD33 CAR-NK cells limits the expansion and efficacy of CD33 CAR-NK cells. Mesothelin (MSLN), a tumor differentiation antigen, is highly expressed in a fraction of patients with AML, making it a promising target for AML therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We designed a novel CD33-MSLN Loop CAR (Loop CAR) and evaluated its antitumor efficacy in human umbilical cord blood-derived NK (UCB-NK) cells and human pluripotent stem cell-derived NK (hPSC-iNK) cells. To further avoid fratricide caused by endogenous CD33 expression in NK cells, we established an hPSC-derived cell line via knockout of the\n                      <jats:italic>CD33<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene (CD33\n                      <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and engineered Loop CAR. We generated CD33\n                      <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Loop CAR-iNK cells using an organoid induction approach. The efficacy of CD33\n                      <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Loop CAR-iNK cells against tumor cells expressing CD33 and MSLN was investigated both in vitro and in AML xenograft mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Loop CAR-NK cells exhibited superior cytotoxicity against dual-antigen-positive tumor cell lines and primary AML cells compared with CD33 CAR-NK and MSLN CAR-NK cells. Moreover, Loop CAR-NK cells showed upregulated signaling pathways related to NK cell activation and cytotoxic function. The loss of CD33 in iNK cells effectively avoided fratricide, improved expansion ability, and significantly enhanced CD33 and MSLN-mediated specific cytotoxicity of Loop CAR-iNK cells. Moreover, the CD33\n                      <jats:sup>KO<\/jats:sup>\n                      -Loop CAR-iNK cells demonstrated superior tumor-killing activity in AML xenograft mouse models and significantly prolonged mouse survival.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Loop CAR empowered both UCB-NK cells and hPSC-iNK cells with superior cytotoxicity against CD33\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      MSLN\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      tumor cells. Genetic disruption of CD33 avoided fratricide and improved efficacy of Loop CAR-iNK cells against AML. This innovative strategy possesses unique advantages and translational potential for treating AML.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T17:26:26Z","timestamp":1757352386000},"page":"e011887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CD33\n                    <sup>KO<\/sup>\n                    -CD33-mesothelin Loop CAR design avoids fratricide and improves efficacy of iNK cells against acute myeloid leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8545-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qitong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanmeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoqin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aibin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9376-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangxiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01143-2","article-title":"Current status and research directions in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004424"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1546"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4825"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112059","article-title":"NK cell defects: implication in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"14","author":"D\u2019Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102975","article-title":"CAR-NK cells: A promising cellular immunotherapy for cancer","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04990-6","article-title":"CD19\/CD20 dual-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells exhibit improved cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159289","article-title":"Allogeneic CAR-NK Cell Therapy Targeting Both BCMA and GPRC5D for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"140","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00592-6","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of CD33-targeted CAR-NK cell therapy for relapsed\/refractory AML: preclinical evaluation and phase I trial","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00467-2","article-title":"Lateral plate mesoderm cell-based organoid system for NK cell regeneration from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70169","article-title":"FT538, iPSC-derived NK cells, enhance AML cell killing when combined with chemotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Eckstrom","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.06.002"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0065-5"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.798087","article-title":"CD33 Delineates Two Functionally Distinct NK Cell Populations Divergent in Cytokine Production and Antibody-Mediated Cellular Cytotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Hejazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01948-3"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01712-3","article-title":"Engineered CRO-CD7 CAR-NK cells derived from pluripotent stem cells avoid fratricide and efficiently suppress human T-cell malignancies","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00660-2","article-title":"Primary CD33-targeting CAR-NK cells for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Albinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(93)90034-Y"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.2.669"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc010021y"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/6.8.989"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.6733"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13683","article-title":"Comparison of seven CD19 CAR designs in engineering NK cells for enhancing anti-tumour activity","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13727","article-title":"Mesothelin CAR-engineered NK cells derived from human embryonic stem cells suppress the progression of human ovarian cancer in animals","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2173-9"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838733"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149406"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3653"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142125"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004417","article-title":"A novel function of human Pumilio proteins in cytoplasmic sensing of viral infection","volume":"10","author":"Narita","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57346","article-title":"CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2","volume":"9","author":"Gunesch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.149.6.1249"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402897"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202792"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133230","article-title":"Current Status and Perspectives of Dual-Targeting Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01477-x"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1835830100"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.226"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2004.08.008"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005629","article-title":"A signaling network stimulated by \u03b22 integrin promotes the polarization of lytic granules in cytotoxic cells","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.013"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032141","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6032141","article-title":"CD33 (Siglec-3) Inhibitory Function: Role in the NKG2D\/DAP10 Activating Pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Caselles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3440::AID-IMMU3440>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02406-6","article-title":"Nonviral genome engineering of natural killer cells","volume":"12","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.841107","article-title":"iPSC-Derived Natural Killer Cell Therapies - Expansion and Targeting","volume":"13","author":"Goldenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-09116-5","article-title":"Targeting CD33 for acute myeloid leukemia therapy","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-180990","article-title":"Phase 1\/2 Study of Donor-Derived Anti-CD33 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expressing T Cells (VCAR33) in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation","volume":"142","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0132"},{"key":"2025090810253050000_13.9.e011887.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-15-0863"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-011887","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T17:26:32Z","timestamp":1757352392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-011887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jitc-2025-011887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-011887","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.23.634500","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}