{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:25:20Z","timestamp":1793316320598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014438","name":"Business Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1743\/31\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1743\/31\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014438","name":"Business Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3898\/31\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3898\/31\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014438","name":"Business Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5551\/31\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5551\/31\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004012","name":"Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010711","name":"Cancer Foundation Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022583","name":"Suomen Farmaseuttinen Yhdistys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022583","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERC EIC Brainstorm","award":["101099355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101099355"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["355107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["355107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010116","name":"Medicinska Underst\u00f6dsf\u00f6reningen Liv och H\u00e4lsa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4706636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4706636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010116","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Helsinki","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The efficacy of immunotherapy is often hindered by the suppression of immune responses via the tumor microenvironment (TME). The presence of cancer cells forces other proximal non-cancerous cells to support tumor growth and persistence. A clear example of this cancerous-to-non-cancerous communication is represented by the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within the TME. Several studies have convergently shown that the overexpression of DNA-methyl-transferase-1 (DNMT1) in these cells results in protection from necroptosis and enhanced accumulation in vivo. Conversely, targeting DNMT1 through hypo-methylating agents has shown promising therapeutic potential by not only reducing the levels of MDSCs but also enhancing cancer immunogenicity and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Murine 4T1 (triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)) and CT26 (colon carcinoma) cell lines were cultured under standard conditions and used to generate tumor models in BALB\/c mice. An oncolytic adenovirus expressing a DNMT1-targeting short hairpin RNA (OAd.shDNMT1) was engineered and validated for DNMT1 knockdown and genome-wide methylation reduction. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) were isolated from virus-infected cancer cells and characterized for RNA content and uptake by MDSCs. MDSC differentiation and suppressive function were assessed in vitro using flow cytometry and co-culture assays with murine splenocytes. In vivo, tumor-bearing mice received intratumoral OAd.shDNMT1, systemic decitabine, or immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-Programmed cell Death protein-1), and tumor growth, immune infiltration, and systemic MDSC levels were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we report that, by using virally infected TNBC murine cells as a source for shDNMT1-loaded sEVs, OAd.shDNMT1 successfully reduced MDSC levels in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the co-administration with ICI resulted in a significant tumor growth reduction in mice bearing poorly immunogenic TNBC 4T1 cells. Also, our treatment promoted antitumor immunity, prolonged survival, and complete tumor eradication in modestly immunogenic colon CT26 cancer cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multifaceted strategy, based on OV-mediated immune stimulation and reduction of MDSC levels via sEVs, may improve clinical outcomes and the success of immuno-based regimens for patients facing MDSC-rich and highly aggressive cancer subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T10:30:27Z","timestamp":1762943427000},"page":"e012138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of extracellular vesicles in remodeling the tumor microenvironment by DNMT1 downregulation for enhanced cancer immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Giannoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4012-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Feola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Cerioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4678-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Chiaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja Thu","family":"Ha Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bottega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Feodoroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manlio","family":"Fusciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"GeneCellNano flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virpi","family":"Stigzelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Clinical and Pharmacological Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Caiazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Antignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"GeneCellNano flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"D\u2019Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milda","family":"Sakalauskaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Petryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ilkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaela","family":"Gr\u00f6nholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4901-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cerullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0337-2"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0965-7","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles-mediated intercellular communication: roles in the tumor microenvironment and anti-cancer drug resistance","volume":"18","author":"Maacha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.081"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00490-y"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0297"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0523-4"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99673"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.022"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14979","article-title":"Monocytic and granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells differentially regulate spatiotemporal tumour plasticity during metastatic cascade","volume":"8","author":"Ouzounova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002528","article-title":"MYC suppresses STING-dependent innate immunity by transcriptionally upregulating DNMT1 in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-3670"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109113","article-title":"Inhibition of DNMT1 potentiates antitumor immunity in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0266-5"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29526-8","article-title":"Virally programmed extracellular vesicles sensitize cancer cells to oncolytic virus and small molecule therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wedge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40483"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.002"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.016"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu C , Sun H , Sun Z , et al . Roles of exosomes in immunotherapy for solid cancers. Cell Death Dis 2024;15. doi:10.1038\/s41419-024-06494-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06494-z"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1071223","article-title":"Remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment with oncolytic viruses expressing miRNAs","volume":"13","author":"St-Cyr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228627","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Preclinical Developments to Clinical Trials","volume":"21","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5791"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2021.01.014","article-title":"GAMER-Ad: a novel and rapid method for generating recombinant adenoviruses","volume":"20","author":"Hamdan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1189-x","article-title":"Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in combination with primary mammary tumor resection reduces metastatic growth in the lungs","volume":"21","author":"Bosiljcic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12150","article-title":"Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards","volume":"7","author":"Bronte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101389","article-title":"Isolation of human and mouse myeloid-derived suppressor cells for metabolic analysis","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-1003-x"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.12.029"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2762"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030619","article-title":"Modeling the Efficacy of Oncolytic Adenoviruses In Vitro and In Vivo: Current and Future Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"McKenna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15265","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3317","article-title":"Consequences of combining siRNA-mediated DNA methyltransferase 1 depletion with 5-aza-2\u2019-deoxycytidine in human leukemic KG1 cells","volume":"6","author":"Visp\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002856","article-title":"IL-6 contributes to metastatic switch via the differentiation of monocytic-dendritic progenitors into prometastatic immune cells","volume":"9","author":"Magidey-Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1868-8"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01195","article-title":"Multi-Omics Characterization of the 4T1 Murine Mammary Gland Tumor Model","volume":"10","author":"Schr\u00f6rs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6344-3","article-title":"Comparison of the molecular and cellular phenotypes of common mouse syngeneic models with human tumors","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914879107"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410626111"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2506"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Y , Du J , Shen X . Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor immunotherapy: Current, future and beyond. Front Immunol 2023;14. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1157537","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1157537"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0306"},{"key":"2026091123002502000_13.11.e012138.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2024.200766","article-title":"Low-dose decitabine enhances the efficacy of viral cancer vaccines for immunotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Russo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-012138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:00:37Z","timestamp":1789192837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-012138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jitc-2025-012138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-012138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}