{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:05:01Z","timestamp":1788822301363,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NNF21OC0067432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF21OC0067432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sundhedsdonationer Sygeforsikring Danmark","award":["2020-0253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0253"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007324","name":"Sundhedsstyrelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05-0400-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-0400-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007324","name":"Sundhedsstyrelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05-0400-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-0400-50"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune-related hepatitis (ir-hepatitis) ranks among the most frequent adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Limited knowledge exists regarding the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of patients having an inadequate response to initial therapy with steroids. Characterizing ir-hepatitis phenotypes and treatment responses can provide valuable insights for guiding treatment decisions and prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a prospective study including patients treated with ICIs experiencing grade 3\u20134 ir-hepatitis. All patients received methylprednisolone 2\u2009mg\/kg for at least 72 hours and underwent liver biopsy. Ursodeoxycholic acid was added in mixed and cholestatic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) phenotypes, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was added in patients with inadequate response to steroids. Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) for CD3, CD8, FoxP3, CD20, and CD56\/NKp46 was used on liver biopsies, and single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood samples was employed to characterize the immunological response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 34 patients with ir-hepatitis were included, of which 20 patients (59%) responded to steroids. Six patients (18%) were steroid-unresponsive and needed MMF. Eight patients (23%) had steroid-dependent ir-hepatitis; they had an initial response to steroids but relapsed during tapering. Patients with steroid-unresponsive and steroid-dependent ir-hepatitis were treated with significantly higher accumulated steroid doses. Alcohol consumption and male sex were significantly related to inadequate response to steroids. Patients with mixed DILI had the highest steroid response rates (72%), while only half of the patients with hepatocellular and cholestatic DILI responded. Patients with cholestatic DILI had the worst prognosis concerning management of ir-hepatitis, risk of cancer progression and death.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>MIHC of liver biopsies revealed significantly increased T cell infiltration in ir-hepatitis, including cytotoxic, helper and regulatory T cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of blood samples showed CD8+ effector\u2009T cell clonal expansion in a patient with steroid-unresponsive ir-hepatitis than in a steroid responder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly half of patients developing ir-hepatitis had an inadequate response to steroids and needed MMF as a secondary immunosuppressant. Patients with mixed DILI were more likely to respond to steroids, while alcohol consumption was associated with inadequate steroid response. Immune analyses showed high T cell infiltration in the liver among patients with ir-hepatitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov ID number\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04810156\">NCT04810156<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      and EudraCT no. 2020-004483-26.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-013861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:45:21Z","timestamp":1772721921000},"page":"e013861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prospective study of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis; characterization of liver injury, outcome of therapy, and management of steroid-unresponsive and steroid-dependent hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04810156","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04810156","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5476-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke Boedker","family":"Holmstroem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane Soegaard","family":"Teisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Capital Region 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