{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:09:09Z","timestamp":1789412949441,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal malignancies (GIM) impose a substantial global health burden, accounting for approximately 33% of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in hematological malignancies, its application in solid tumors, particularly GIM, remains in its nascent stages. This comprehensive landscape analysis systematically examined the clinical trial ecosystem of CAR-based cell therapy for GIM by retrieving 179 eligible trials from the Trialtrove database as of October 2025 (hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies were excluded). The analysis revealed a predominantly early-phase landscape, with Phase I studies constituting 70.39% of all trials. Geographically, China (70.77%) and the USA (16.41%) dominated trial initiation, while academic institutions sponsored 54.92% of investigations. Claudin 18.2, NKG2D(L), mesothelin, and CEA emerged as the most frequently targeted antigens. Autologous therapy administered via peripheral intravenous infusion represented the predominant therapeutic modality. Combination strategies incorporating chemotherapy and immunotherapy demonstrated promising synergistic potential, suggesting that multimodal approaches may enhance therapeutic efficacy while potentially mitigating resistance mechanisms. The convergence of innovative preclinical developments with increasingly supportive regulatory frameworks portends transformative advances in the field, positioning CAR-based cell therapy as an emerging cornerstone modality in the therapeutic armamentarium against GIM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-014286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:22:16Z","timestamp":1773156136000},"page":"e014286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical trial landscape of CAR-based cell therapy for gastrointestinal malignancies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05268172","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03874897","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03159819","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02416466","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05240950","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04652219","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02541370","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04581473","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04511871","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01723-z","article-title":"CAR-cell therapy in the era of solid tumor treatment: current challenges and emerging therapeutic advances","volume":"22","author":"Maalej","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.3","first-page":"100082","article-title":"Transparency in the Reporting of Artificial Intelligence \u2013 The TITAN Guideline","volume":"10","author":"Agha","year":"2025","journal-title":"PJS"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03817-z","article-title":"Breaking the shield of solid tumors: a combined approach for enhanced efficacy of CAR-T cells","volume":"74","author":"Khaliulin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y , Xiao L , Yang M , et al . CAR-armored-cell therapy in solid tumor treatment. J Transl Med 2024;22. doi:10.1186\/s12967-024-05903-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05903-3"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490911","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1490911","article-title":"Logic-gated and contextual control of immunotherapy for solid tumors: contrasting multi-specific T cell engagers and CAR-T cell therapies","volume":"15","author":"Nolan-Stevaux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1244","article-title":"Boolean logic in synthetic biology and biomaterials: Towards living materials in mammalian cell therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Bressler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical & Translational Med"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.2005","article-title":"Nanotechnology-Assisted CAR-T-Cell Therapy for Tumor Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"2026031008101351000_14.3.e014286.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/17410541.2025.2494980","article-title":"Global harmonization in advanced therapeutics: balancing innovation, safety, and access","volume":"22","author":"Dahiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Per Med"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-014286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:22:19Z","timestamp":1773156139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-014286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jitc-2025-014286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-014286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}