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Within tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), TIL-Bs undergo germinal center (GC) maturation and generate tumor-reactive antibodies that enhance antitumor T-cell immunity. However, in defined spatial, inflammatory, or cytokine-rich niches, B cells can acquire immunosuppressive phenotypes, including interleukin (IL)-10\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , IL-35\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , TGF-\u03b2\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , programmed cell death protein 1\/programmed death-ligand 1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    subsets and IgA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    plasma cells. These populations suppress cytotoxic CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, expand regulatory T cells, and impair dendritic cell function, thereby establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. TIL-Bs also contribute to chronic inflammation, complement activation, and angiogenesis through polyclonal activation and immune complex formation. Tumor-infiltrating antibodies, particularly IgA, demonstrate context-dependent effects that are shaped by antigen specificity, isotype, and Fc-mediated interactions. Importantly, immunoregulatory B-cell subsets are increasingly implicated in resistance to immune checkpoint blockade and chemotherapy. This review synthesizes emerging insights into the tumor-promoting roles of TIL-Bs, emphasizing their spatially regulated phenotypic plasticity and immunosuppressive mechanisms, and highlights strategies to selectively target pathogenic B-cell subsets while preserving antitumor functions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-014745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:50:20Z","timestamp":1774626620000},"page":"e014745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial and phenotypic plasticity of B cells in remodeling the tumor 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