{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T12:14:20Z","timestamp":1780920860932,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory Capacity Building Project","award":["Guike LT2600640059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guike LT2600640059"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32260175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Immunother Cancer"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Current T-cell-based immunotherapies\u2014chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, checkpoint inhibitors, and neoantigen vaccines\u2014share a fundamental vulnerability: they target fixed antigens while tumors continuously evolve. Like influenza viruses, cancer cells undergo antigenic drift, remodeling their surface antigen landscape and rendering static therapies eventually ineffective. Drawing on our recent proof-of-concept study and establishing the foundation in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, we propose a paradigm shift: treat cancer as a moving target. By periodically harvesting tumor cells, immunizing healthy donors, and returning the resulting antibody-rich serum, this approach generates polyclonal antibodies that dynamically match the tumor\u2019s evolving antigenic profile. We articulate three interconnected principles underlying this strategy: the threshold principle (immune control operates below a critical tumor burden), the drift principle (antigen change renders fixed targeting futile), and the B-cell advantage (healthy donors generate antibodies that tolerant hosts cannot). We outline key experiments to test these principles directly and discuss translational paths, including off-the-shelf antibody banks and combination with T-cell therapies. This article argues that borrowing adaptive strategies from infectious disease epidemiology could establish a new framework for cancer immunotherapy\u2014one built on B-cell responses, dynamic matching, and continuous adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2026-015727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:55:16Z","timestamp":1780919716000},"page":"e015727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From viral drift to tumor drift: why cancer immunotherapy needs B cells and dynamic adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimodal Biomarkers and Precision Diagnosis, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009063","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in cancer immunotherapy: a Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) strategic vision","volume":"12","author":"Emens","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.95678.3","article-title":"A new potential strategy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treatment by generating serum-based antibodies from tumor-exposed mice","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1165870","article-title":"Failure of ALL recognition by CAR T cells: a review of CD 19-negative relapses after anti-CD 19 CAR-T treatment in B-ALL","volume":"14","author":"Aparicio-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00588-x","article-title":"The landscape of T cell antigens for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Peri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01896-9"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02463-7","article-title":"Individualised neoantigen cancer vaccine therapy","volume":"403","author":"Terai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00945-8"},{"key":"2026060804550991000_14.6.e015727.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/243492b0"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2026-015727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:55:18Z","timestamp":1780919718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jitc-2026-015727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jitc-2026-015727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2026-015727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}