{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:06:35Z","timestamp":1773158795150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore how subjects in a placebo-controlled vitamin A supplementation trial among Ghanaian women aged 15\u201345 years perceive the trial and whether they know that not all trial capsules are the same, and to identify factors associated with this knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>60 semistructured interviews and 12 focus groups were conducted to explore subjects\u2019 perceptions of the trial. Steps were taken to address areas of low comprehension, including retraining fieldworkers. 1971 trial subjects were randomly selected for a survey measuring their knowledge that not all trial capsules are the same. The subjects\u2019 fieldworkers were also interviewed about their characteristics and trial knowledge. Factors associated with knowledge were explored using multi-level modeling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although subjects knew they were taking part in research, most thought they were receiving an active and beneficial medication. Variables associated with knowledge were education and district of residence. Radio broadcasts benefited those with some schooling. Fieldworkers\u2019 characteristics were not associated with subjects\u2019 knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Research and debate on new or improved consent procedures are urgently required, particularly for subjects with little education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2006.019059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,21]],"date-time":"2007-12-21T15:48:15Z","timestamp":1198252095000},"page":"48-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Informed consent in Ghana: what do participants really understand?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Z","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Tawiah-Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Odei-Danso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.1","unstructured":"The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva: CIOMS, 2002."},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.2","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. WMA, Ferney-Voltaire, 2004. http:\/\/www.wma.net\/e\/policy\/b3.htm (accessed 10 Oct 2007)."},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.3","first-page":"771","article-title":"Beyond informed consent.","volume":"82","author":"Bhutta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689008300710"},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.5","first-page":"248","article-title":"Informed consent: subjects may not understand concept of clinical trials.","volume":"315","author":"Elbourne","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.25.3.263"},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06805-2"},{"key":"2025092414554338000_34.1.48.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.4.717","article-title":"Ethical issues for collaborative research 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