{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:31:09Z","timestamp":1792017069451,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper considers the ethical issues raised by xenotransplantation under four headings: interfering with nature; effects on the recipient; effects on other humans; and effects on donor animals. The first two issues raise no insuperable problems: charges of unnaturalness are misguided, and the risks that xenotransplantation carries for the recipient are a matter for properly informed consent. The other two issues raise more serious problems, however, and it is argued that if we take seriously the risk of transferring new infectious agents from animal to human populations and the interests of donor animals, then a moratorium on xenotransplantation is called for. The paper finds that the recent Nuffield Council and Department of Health reports on xenotransplantation are insufficiently cautious in the conclusions that they draw from these considerations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.24.1.18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,5]],"date-time":"2008-11-05T19:48:04Z","timestamp":1225914484000},"page":"18-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Xenografting: ethical issues."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Animal-to-human transplants: the ethics of xenotransplantation","author":"on Bioethics, Nuffield Council","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Animal-to-human transplants: the ethics of xenotransplantation. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 1996:27."},{"key":"ref_2","volume":"3","author":"xenotransplantation, Costing","year":"1996","unstructured":"Costing xenotransplantation. Bulletin of Medical Ethics 1996; Mar:3.","journal-title":"Bulletin of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Animal-to-human transplants: the ethics of xenotransplantation","author":"on Bioethics, Nuffield Council","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Animal-to-human transplants: the ethics of xenotransplantation. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 1996."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Advisory Group on the Ethics of Xenotransplantation. Animal tissue into humans: a report by the Advisory Group on the Ethics of Xenotransplantation","year":"1997","unstructured":"Advisory Group on the Ethics of Xenotransplantation. Animal tissue into humans: a report by the Advisory Group on the Ethics of Xenotransplantation. London: Stationery Office, 1997."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"15","article-title":"Three essays on religion","author":"Mill, J.S.","unstructured":"Mill JS. Three essays on religion. London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1904:15."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5930.1996.tb00144.x","article-title":"Interfering with nature","volume":"13","author":"Norman, R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Norman R. Interfering with nature. Journal ofApplied Philosophy 1996;13.1:1-1 1.","journal-title":"Journal ofApplied Philosophy"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Green political theory","author":"for example Goodin RE, See","year":"1992","unstructured":"See for example Goodin RE. Green political theory. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"65","article-title":"The best-known proponent of this argument as an objection to vivisection and other uses of animals is Peter Singer. See, for example, Singer P. Practical ethics","year":"1993","unstructured":"The best-known proponent of this argument as an objection to vivisection and other uses of animals is Peter Singer. See, for example, Singer P. Practical ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993:65-8."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265052500003514","article-title":"Medicine, animal experimentation, and the moral problem of unfortunate humans","volume":"13","author":"G, Frey R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Frey R G. Medicine, animal experimentation, and the moral problem of unfortunate humans. Social Philosophy and Policy 1996; 13.2:181-211.","journal-title":"Social Philosophy and Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"This could take the form either of a redefinition of death, or a dropping of the requirement that patients be dead before removal of organs in favour of the requirement that they have permanently lost consciousness. The latter is recommended in Singer P. Rethinking life and death","year":"1995","unstructured":"This could take the form either of a redefinition of death, or a dropping of the requirement that patients be dead before removal of organs in favour of the requirement that they have permanently lost consciousness. The latter is recommended in Singer P. Rethinking life and death. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jme.24.1.18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T21:52:03Z","timestamp":1758750723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jme.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jme.24.1.18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jme.24.1.18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme.24.1.18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-6800","1473-4257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-6800","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}}}