{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:52:56Z","timestamp":1791129176108,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking organs from dead people seems, prima facie, to raise fewer ethical complications than taking organs from other sources. There are, however, serious ethical problems in taking organs from the dead unless there is premortem evidence that this is what the deceased would have wanted, or at least, not have objected to. In this paper we will look at a \u201cstrong\u201d opting out policy as proposed by John Harris. We will argue that people can be harmed after their death and that the posthumous removal of organs against their expressed wishes is one form that such harm might take. We also argue that Harris\u2019s claim that we show \u201cequality of concern\u201d between the donor and recipient requires too much.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.29.3.196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,9]],"date-time":"2003-06-09T19:09:42Z","timestamp":1055185782000},"page":"196-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A stronger policy of organ retrieval from cadaveric donors: some ethical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"C L","family":"Hamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Rivlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.1","unstructured":"www.midwalesonline.co.uk and follow links to summer news13.html (accessed 9 December 2002)."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.2","unstructured":"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk and follow the links to \/281404.stm (accessed 9 December 2002)."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fried C. Right and wrong. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1978.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674332508"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels N. Just health care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511624971"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawls J. A Theory of justice [rev ed]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.6","unstructured":"See reference 5: 24."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.7","unstructured":"Feinberg J. The moral limits of the criminal law. Vol1 Harm to others. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.8","unstructured":"Warren MA. Moral status: obligations to persons and other living things. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. For an informative discussion of the concept of moral status."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.9","unstructured":"See reference 7: 34."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.10","unstructured":"See reference 8: 55."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.11","unstructured":"Sapontzis SF. Morals, reason, and animals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.12","unstructured":"Nagel T. Mortal questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.13","unstructured":"Stoppard T. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. London: Faber, 1968."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.14","unstructured":"Feldman F. Confrontations with the reaper: a philosophical study of the nature and value of death. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.15","unstructured":"See reference 7: 89."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.16","unstructured":"See reference 7: 83."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carruthers P. The Animals issue: moral theory in practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511597961"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.18","unstructured":"To say that \u00e2\u0080\u009cdeath is a harm\u00e2\u0080\u009d is perhaps not quite right\u00e2\u0080\u0094it would be odd to say that someone who has been dead for two hundred years has been harmed more than someone who has been dead only one hundred years. But it also seems odd to say that it is \u00e2\u0080\u009cdying\u00e2\u0080\u009d which is the harm. For the process of dying, in itself, may involve less suffering than some non-fatal illnesses or injuries\u00e2\u0080\u0094surely we only object to it because it leads to death? We lack the space to thoroughly discuss this interesting problem here, but wish to note that we are attempting to capture the idea that the harm done by death or dying seems to stem from what it deprives us of\u00e2\u0080\u0094the loss of all future opportunities for satisfaction."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.19","first-page":"183","volume":"21","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Philos Q"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.20","unstructured":"See reference 21: 184."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.21","unstructured":"See reference 7: 89."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.22","unstructured":"See reference 7: 91."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.23","unstructured":"See reference 7: 92."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.24","first-page":"192","volume":"3","year":"1974","journal-title":"Philos Public Aff"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.25","first-page":"238","volume":"18","year":"1989","journal-title":"Philos Public Aff"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.26","unstructured":"Williams B. In: Smart JJC, Williams B. Utilitarianism, for and against. London: Cambridge University Press, 1973."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.27","unstructured":"Scheffler S. The rejection of consequentialism: a philosophical investigation of the considerations underlying rival moral conceptions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.28","unstructured":"See reference 29: 9."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006450523387"},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.30","unstructured":"See reference 31: 688."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.31","unstructured":"See reference 31: 689."},{"key":"2025092413494449000_29.3.196.32","unstructured":"Maclean A. The elimination of morality: reflections on utilitarianism and bioethics. London: Routledge, 1993."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jme.29.3.196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T20:49:57Z","timestamp":1758746997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jme.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jme.29.3.196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jme.29.3.196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme.29.3.196","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-6800","1473-4257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-6800","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}}}