{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T23:09:12Z","timestamp":1770505752054,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effectiveness of the one tube method of osmotic fragility with three buffered solutions (0.32% saline, 0.36% saline, and tyrode) as a screening test for beta-thalassaemia trait was evaluated in several groups of subjects from Greece, Yugoslavia, and Thailand. The results clearly demonstrated that 0.36% saline is the most sensitive and effective solution since it could detect 96 to 100% of heterozygotes with beta-thalassaemia, compared to about 80% with both 0.32% saline and tyrode. However, 0.36% saline gave false positive results in normal subjects and was also positive in haematological disorders which influence osmotic fragility. The screening test with 0.36% saline was applied more precisely in 1371 subjects. The test was false positive in 41 (9.1%) of 455 normal subjects while of 438 confirmed heterozygotes with beta-thalassaemia it was positive in 431 (98%) and negative in only seven (2%). The test was also found to be positive in 80% of patients with iron deficiency anaemia and alpha-thalassaemia trait, in 68% of patients with Hb E trait, in 40% of patients with Hb S trait, and in 78% of heterozygotes with rare haemoglobin variants. The increased sensitivity and effectiveness of 0.36% saline in detecting beta-thalassaemia trait and other disorders influencing osmotic fragility as compared to 0.32% saline and tyrode solutions was also confirmed in a study of 384 unselected schoolchildren.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.18.4.266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T14:52:06Z","timestamp":1226328726000},"page":"266-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effectiveness of one tube osmotic fragility screening in detecting beta-thalassaemia trait."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Kattamis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Efremov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Pootrakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Man's haemoglobins","author":"Lehmann, H.; Huntsman, R.G.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lehmann H, Huntsman RG. Man's haemoglobins. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1974.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"The thalassaemia syndromes","author":"Weatherall, D.J.; Clegg, J.B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. The thalassaemia syndromes. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1972.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"86","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria in thalassaemia","volume-title":"The detection of hemoglobinopathies","author":"Kattamis, C.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kattamis C. Diagnostic criteria in thalassaemia. In: Schmidt R, Huisman J, Lehmann H, eds. The detection of hemoglobinopathies. Ohio: CRC Press, 1974:86-90."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80007-7","article-title":"Iron deficiency in Greece","volume":"84","author":"Kattamis, C.; Metaxotou-Mavromati, A.; Konidaris, C.; Touliatos, N.; Constantsas, N.; Matsaniotis, N.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kattamis C, Metaxotou-Mavromati A, Konidaris C, Touliatos N, Constantsas N, Matsaniotis N. Iron deficiency in Greece. J Pediatr 1974;84:666-71.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1979.tb03703.x","article-title":"The heterogeneity of normal A2-3 thalassaemia in Greece","volume":"42","author":"Kattamis, C.; Metaxotou-Mavromati, A.; Wood, G.W.; Nash, R.J.; Weatherall, D.J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kattamis C, Metaxotou-Mavromati A, Wood GW, Nash RJ, Weatherall DJ. The heterogeneity of normal A2-3 thalassaemia in Greece. 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Types of thalasssaemia trait carriers as revealed by a study of their incidence in Greece. Br J Haematol 1964;8:5-14.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197302152880706","article-title":"Screening for thalassaemia trait by electronic measurement of mean corpuscular volume","volume":"288","author":"Pearson, H.A.; O'Brien, R.T.; McIntosh, S.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Pearson HA, O'Brien RT, McIntosh S. Screening for thalassaemia trait by electronic measurement of mean corpuscular volume. N Engl J Med 1977;288:351-3.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"185","article-title":"Screening for thalassemia in Thailand","volume-title":"Abnormal hemoglobins and thalassemia. Diagnostic aspects","author":"Wasi, P.; Pootrakul, S.; Winishagoon, P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wasi P, Pootrakul S, Winishagoon P. Screening for thalassemia in Thailand. In: Schmidt R, ed. Abnormal hemoglobins and thalassemia. Diagnostic aspects. New York: Academic Press, 1975:185-207."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"657","article-title":"Microchromatography of hemoglobins. II. A rapid method for the determination of hemoglobin A2","volume":"83","author":"Efremov, D.G.; Huisman, T.H.J.; Bowman, K.; Wrightone, R.N.; Shroeder, W.W.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Efremov DG, Huisman THJ, Bowman K, Wrightone RN, Shroeder WW. Microchromatography of hemoglobins. II. A rapid method for the determination of hemoglobin A2. JLab Clin Med 1974;83:657-64.","journal-title":"JLab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430348","article-title":"Haemoglobin synthesis in 28 obligatory cases for oc-thalassaemia trait","volume":"29","author":"Pootrakul, S.; Supprapa, S.; Wasi, P.; Na-Nakorn, S.; Suwanik, R.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pootrakul S, Supprapa S, Wasi P, Na-Nakorn S, Suwanik R. Haemoglobin synthesis in 28 obligatory cases for oc-thalassaemia trait. Hum Genet 1975;29:121-6.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.15.6.443","article-title":"Thalassaemia types and their incidence in Sardinia","volume":"15","author":"Cao, A.; Galanello, R.; Furbetta, M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cao A, Galanello R, Furbetta M, et al. Thalassaemia types and their incidence in Sardinia. J Med Genet 1978; 15:443-7.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Practical haematology","author":"Dacie, J.; Lewis, S.M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Dacie J, Lewis SM. Practical haematology. 5th ed. 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