{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:13:52Z","timestamp":1791400432867,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> A recent genetic study in mice and humans revealed the modulatory effect of <jats:italic>MC1R<\/jats:italic> (melanocortin-1 receptor) gene variants on \u03ba-opioid receptor mediated analgesia. It is unclear whether this gene affects basal pain sensitivity or the efficacy of analgesics acting at the more clinically relevant \u03bc-opioid receptor.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To characterise sensitivity to pain and \u03bc-opioid analgesia in mice and humans with non-functional melanocortin-1 receptors.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Comparisons of spontaneous mutant C57BL\/6-<jats:italic>Mc1r<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>e\/e<\/jats:sup> mice to C57BL\/6 wildtype mice, followed by a gene dosage study of pain and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) analgesia in humans with <jats:italic>MC1R<\/jats:italic> variants.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> C57BL\/6-<jats:italic>Mc1r<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>e\/e<\/jats:sup> mutant mice and human redheads\u2014both with non-functional MC1Rs\u2014display reduced sensitivity to noxious stimuli and increased analgesic responsiveness to the \u03bc-opioid selective morphine metabolite, M6G. In both species the differential analgesia is likely due to pharmacodynamic factors, as plasma levels of M6G are similar across genotype.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Genotype at <jats:italic>MC1R<\/jats:italic> similarly affects pain sensitivity and M6G analgesia in mice and humans. These findings confirm the utility of cross species translational strategies in pharmacogenetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.027698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T14:25:29Z","timestamp":1120227929000},"page":"583-587","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["Melanocortin-1 receptor gene variants affect pain and \u03bc-opioid analgesia in mice and humans"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"J S","family":"Mogil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S B","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Strasburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R R","family":"Romberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Bijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E Y","family":"Sarton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R B","family":"Fillingim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Dahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08670.x","volume":"885","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000097281"},{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0730053100"},{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199511000-00022"},{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(96)00031-7","volume":"50","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00197-3"},{"key":"2025101801063919000_42.7.583.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallarida RJ, Murray RB. Manual of pharmacologic calculation. 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