{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:06:16Z","timestamp":1790301976533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Music perception and performance are comprehensive human cognitive functions and thus provide an excellent model system for studying human behaviour and brain function. However, the molecules involved in mediating music perception and performance are so far uncharacterised.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To unravel the biological background of music perception, using molecular and statistical genetic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> 15 Finnish multigenerational families (with a total of 234 family members) were recruited via a nationwide search. The phenotype of all family members was determined using three tests used in defining musical aptitude: a test for auditory structuring ability (Karma Music test; KMT) commonly used in Finland, and the Seashore pitch and time discrimination subtests (SP and ST respectively) used internationally. We calculated heritabilities and performed a genome-wide variance components-based linkage scan using genotype data for 1113 microsatellite markers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The heritability estimates were 42% for KMT, 57% for SP, 21% for ST and 48% for the combined music test scores. Significant evidence of linkage was obtained on chromosome 4q22 (LOD 3.33) and suggestive evidence of linkage at 8q13-21 (LOD 2.29) with the combined music test scores, using variance component linkage analyses. The major contribution of the 4q22 locus was obtained for the KMT (LOD 2.91). Interestingly, a positive LOD score of 1.69 was shown at 18q, a region previously linked to dyslexia (DYX6) using combined music test scores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results show that there is a genetic contribution to musical aptitude that is likely to be regulated by several predisposing genes or variants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.056366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,18]],"date-time":"2008-04-18T20:35:07Z","timestamp":1208550907000},"page":"451-456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Genome-wide linkage scan for loci of musical aptitude in Finnish families: evidence for a major locus at 4q22"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Pulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Karma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Norio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Sistonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H H H","family":"G\u00f6ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1080"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.11.006","article-title":"Infant music perception: Domain-general or domain-specific mechanisms?","volume":"100","author":"Trehub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0405","article-title":"Functional specialization of the human auditory cortex in processing phonetic and musical sounds: a magnetoencelographic (MEG) study.","volume":"9","author":"Tervaniemi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn871"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.305"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191355898"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735691191001"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735699271004"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303057"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521337"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5510.1969"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karma K . Auditory structuring in explaining dyslexia. In: Mc Kevitt P Nuallain S \u00d3 Mulvihill C , eds. Language, vision and music. Amsterdam\/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002:221\u201330.","DOI":"10.1075\/aicr.35.21kar"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735694221002"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.14","unstructured":"Seashore CE . Seashore measures of musical talents. Manual. New York: The Pscyhological Corp, 1960."},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094033"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00217-6"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.17","unstructured":"Gordon EE . Learning sequences in music. GIA, Illinois, 1997."},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0302-241"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.19","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Descent graphs in pedigree analysis: applications to haplotyping, location scores, and marker sharing statistics.","volume":"58","author":"Sobel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338920"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.21","first-page":"22","article-title":"Allele frequency estimation from data on relatives.","volume":"48","author":"Boehnke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1086\/515506","article-title":"Markov chain Monte Carlo segregation and linkage analysis for oligogenic models.","volume":"61","author":"Heath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.23","first-page":"535","article-title":"Robust variance-components approach for assessing genetic linkage in pedigrees.","volume":"54","author":"Amos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301844"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1195-241"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng792"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058445"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201575"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2003.12.003","article-title":"Rat neurological mutations cerebellar vermis defect and hobble are caused by mutations in the netrin-1 receptor gene Unc5h3.","volume":"122","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070225"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.116582"},{"key":"2025100521093065000_45.7.451.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-002-0876-2","article-title":"Finnish Disease Heritage II: population prehistory and genetic roots of Finns.","volume":"112","author":"Norio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Genet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jmg.2007.056366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T04:09:38Z","timestamp":1759723778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmg.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jmg.2007.056366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jmg.2007.056366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.2007.056366","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2593","1468-6244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2593","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-6244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,18]]}}}