{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:02:12Z","timestamp":1785819732373,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological and genetic variables in hypospadias were analysed during the years 1978 to 1983 in a case control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna region of northern Italy. During the observation period, in a sample of 41 078 male newborns, 168 had hypospadias giving a prevalence at birth of 4.1 in 1000 males. Hypospadias was divided into three types: type I or mild (75.0%); type II or moderate (21.4%); and type III or severe (3.6%). Coexisting malformations were found in 8.9% of cases. The heritability coefficient was 0.669. Maternal risk factors correlated with hypospadias were found to be early age at menarche, threatened abortion, and exposure to progestins. Low birth weight and shorter gestation were also correlated with hypospadias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.23.4.333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T15:09:16Z","timestamp":1226329756000},"page":"333-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Aetiological factors in hypospadias."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Calzolari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Contiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Roncarati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P L","family":"Mattiuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Volpato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Clinical genetics","author":"Sorsby, A.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Sorsby A. 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Study of the incidence of hypospadias in Rochester, Minnesota, 1940-1970, and a casecontrol comparison of possible etiologic factors. Mayo Clin Proc 1974;49:52-8."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1229","article-title":"The incidence of hypospadias in Swcden","volume":"9","author":"Avellan, L.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Avellan L. The incidence of hypospadias in Swcden. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1975;9:1229-39.","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000153035","article-title":"Aetiological studics of hypospadias in Hungary","volume":"29","author":"Czeizel, A.; Toth, J.; Erodi, E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Czeizel A, Toth J, Erodi E. Aetiological studics of hypospadias in Hungary. Hum Hered 1979;29:166-71.","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand \/Suppil","volume":"239","author":"Sweden","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sweden. 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