{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:16:27Z","timestamp":1788948987723,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High resolution prometaphase chromosome banding has allowed the detection of discrete chromosome aberrations which escaped earlier metaphase examinations. Consistent tiny deletions have been detected in some well established malformation syndromes: an interstitial deletion in 15q11\/12 in the majority of patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome and in a minority of patients with the Angelman (happy puppet) syndrome; a terminal deletion of 17p13.3 in most patients examined with the Miller-Dieker syndrome; an interstitial deletion of 8q23.3\/24.1 in a large majority of patients with the Giedion-Langer syndrome; an interstitial deletion of 11p13 in virtually all patients with the WAGR (Wilms' tumour-aniridia-gonadoblastoma-retardation) syndrome; and an interstitial deletion in 22q11 in about one third of patients with the DiGeorge sequence. In addition, a combination of chromosome prometaphase banding and DNA marker studies has allowed the localisation of the genes for retinoblastoma and for Wilms' tumour and the clarification of both the autosomal recessive nature of the mutation and the possible somatic mutations by which the normal allele can be lost in retina and kidney cells. After a number of X linked genes had been mapped, discrete deletions in the X chromosome were detected by prometaphase banding with specific attention paid to the sites of the gene(s) in males who had from one to up to four different X linked disorders plus mental retardation. Furthermore, the detection of balanced translocations in probands with disorders caused by autosomal dominant or X linked genes has allowed a better insight into the localisation of these genes. In some females with X linked disorders, balanced X; autosomal translocations have allowed the localisation of X linked genes at the breakpoint on the X chromosome. Balanced autosome; autosome translocations segregating with autosomal dominant conditions have provided some clues to the gene location of these conditions. In two conditions, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly and dominant aniridia, two translocation families with one common breakpoint have allowed quite a confident location of the genes at the common breakpoint at 7p13 and 11p13, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.25.7.454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T15:11:11Z","timestamp":1226329871000},"page":"454-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Microdeletion syndromes, balanced translocations, and gene mapping."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Schinzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Ein Syndrom von Adipositas, Kleinwuchs, Kryptorchismus und Oligophrenia nach myotonicartigem Zustand im Neugeborencnaltcr","volume":"86","author":"Prader, A.; Labhart, A.; Willi, H.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Prader A, Labhart A, Willi H. Ein Syndrom von Adipositas, Kleinwuchs, Kryptorchismus und Oligophrenia nach myotonicartigem Zustand im Neugeborencnaltcr. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1956;86:1260-1.","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"Chromosomal translocation in a mentally deficient child with cryptorchidism","volume":"52","year":"1983","unstructured":"Buhler EM, Rossicr R, Bodis 1, Vulliet V, Buhlet UK, Staldcr G. Chromosomal translocation in a mentally deficient child with cryptorchidism. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;52:177-82.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"278","article-title":"Chromosome 15 abnormalities and the Prader-Willi syndrome: a follow-up rcport of 40 cases","volume":"34","author":"Ledbetter, D.H.; Mascarello, J.T.; Riccardi, V.M.; Harper, V.D.; Airhart, S.D.; Strobel, R.J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ledbetter DH, Mascarello JT, Riccardi VM, Harper VD, Airhart SD, Strobel RJ. Chromosome 15 abnormalities and the Prader-Willi syndrome: a follow-up rcport of 40 cases. Am J Hum Genet 1982;34:278-85.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292367","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome and chromosome 15","volume":"64","author":"Mattei, J.F.; Mattci, M.G.; Giraud, F.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mattei JF, Mattci MG, Giraud F. Prader-Willi syndrome and chromosome 15. Hum Genet 1983;64:356-62.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320170211","article-title":"Dceltion of chromosome 15 (q 1-13) in a Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome clinic population","volume":"17","author":"Cassidy, S.B.; Thuline, H.C.; Holm, V.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cassidy SB, Thuline HC, Holm VA. Dceltion of chromosome 15 (q 1-13) in a Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome clinic population. 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Humn Geniet 1985;69:22-7.","journal-title":"Ain J Humn Getnet; 37: 57A. Niikawat N, Ishikiriyama S. Clinical and cytogenetic studies of the Prader-Willi syndrome: evidence of phenotype-karyotype correlation"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref_8","first-page":"793","article-title":"Clinical and cytogenetic survey of 39 individuals with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome","volume":"1986","author":"FJ, Butler M.G.Meaney; CG, Palmer","unstructured":"Butler MG. Meaney FJ, Palmer CG. Clinical and cytogenetic survey of 39 individuals with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. Ain J Med Geniet 1986:23:793-809.","journal-title":"Ain J Med Geniet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00291556","article-title":"Cytogenetic studies of familial Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Hasegawa, T.; Ando, Hara M.; M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hasegawa T, Hara M. Ando M. et al. Cytogenetic studies of familial Prader-Willi syndrome. 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