{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:51:02Z","timestamp":1773791462839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Our primary objective was to estimate, by one year and five year intervals, maternal age specific risk rates for Down syndrome among whites and among other races from two different populations, metropolitan Atlanta and south west Ohio, using live birth and prenatally diagnosed cases ascertained during 1970-1989. The five year estimates were also calculated separately for each of the five four year periods during these 20 years. Additionally, we compared two different methods of estimating these risk rates by using a third population of whites, and compared two different statistical methods of smoothing the risk rates. The results indicate good agreement between the metropolitan Atlanta and south west Ohio estimates within races, but show a statistically significant difference between the two race categories. Because 86% of live births in the \"other races\" category in the combined population are to blacks, these data may be seen as the first estimates of maternal age specific risk rates for Down syndrome among blacks calculated by one year intervals. We found excellent agreement in the risk rate estimates among the five four year time periods, between the estimates obtained by using the two different methods of estimation, and between the estimates obtained using the two different methods of statistical smoothing. Our estimated risk rates for white women in their 20s strongly reinforce those from previous studies currently being used for genetic counselling purposes. While we did find somewhat higher rates for women under 20, and increasingly higher rates for those over 30 years of age, these differences are not substantial. Thus, this study in general supports the risk rates estimated from data collected mostly during the 1960s and 1970s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.35.6.482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1226331441000},"page":"482-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Maternal age specific risk rate estimates for Down syndrome among live births in whites and other races from Ohio and metropolitan Atlanta, 1970-1989."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"C A","family":"Huether","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ivanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B S","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E L","family":"Krivchenia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V S","family":"Hertzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L D","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D S","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"52","key":"ref_1","first-page":"813","article-title":"A survey of mongoloid births in Victoria, Australia, 1942-1957","volume":"1962","author":"Collmann, R.D.; Stoller, A.","unstructured":"Collmann RD, Stoller A. A survey of mongoloid births in Victoria, Australia, 1942-1957. Am 7 Public Health 1962;52:813-29.","journal-title":"Am 7 Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Down syndrome in live births by single-year maternal parison with results age interval in a Swedish from a New York State study: comstudy","volume":"30","author":"Hook, E.B.; Lindsjo, A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hook EB, Lindsjo A. Down syndrome in live births by single-year maternal parison with results age interval in a Swedish from a New York State study: comstudy. Am J Hum Genet 1978;30:19-27.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"58","article-title":"Down's syndrome in South Australia","volume":"3","author":"Sutherland, G.R.; Clisby, SR, Bloor; G, Carter; R.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sutherland GR, Clisby SR, Bloor G, Carter RF. Down's syndrome in South Australia. Med 3tAust 1979;2:58-61.","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.17.6.433","article-title":"Down syndrome and maternal age in South Glamorgan","volume":"17","author":"Young, I.D.; Williams, E.M.; Newcombe, R.G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Young ID, Williams EM, Newcombe RG. Down syndrome and maternal age in South Glamorgan. J Med Genet 1980; 17:433-6.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00278979","article-title":"Gillerot Y Down's syndrome in Wailonia (South Belgium), 1971-1978: cytogenetics and incidence","volume":"54","author":"Koulischer, L.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Koulischer L, Gillerot Y Down's syndrome in Wailonia (South Belgium), 1971-1978: cytogenetics and incidence. Hum Genet 1980;54:243-50.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"123","article-title":"Estimated rates of Down syndrome in live births by one year maternal age intervals for mother aged 20-49 in a New York State studyimplications of the risk figs for genetic counseling and costbenefit analysis of prenatal diagnosis programs","volume":"3","author":"Hook, E.B.; Chambers, G.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hook EB, Chambers GM. Estimated rates of Down syndrome in live births by one year maternal age intervals for mother aged 20-49 in a New York State studyimplications of the risk figs for genetic counseling and costbenefit analysis of prenatal diagnosis programs. Birth Defects 1977;XIII(3A): 123-41.","journal-title":"Birth Defects"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420170303","article-title":"Frequency of Down syndrome in live births by single-year maternal age interval: results of a Massachusetts study","volume":"17","author":"Hook, E.B.; Fabia, J.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hook EB, Fabia JJ. Frequency of Down syndrome in live births by single-year maternal age interval: results of a Massachusetts study. Teratology 1978;17:223-8.","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330060013009","article-title":"Incidence of Down's syndrome in Rhode Island","volume":"248","author":"Barsel-Bowers, G.; Abuelo, D.N.; Pueschel, S.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Barsel-Bowers G, Abuelo DN, Pueschel SM. Incidence of Down's syndrome in Rhode Island. JAAM 1982;248:645.","journal-title":"JAAM"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970070406","article-title":"Revised estimates and projections of Down syndrome births in the United States, and the effects of prenatal diagnosis utilization, 1970-2002","volume":"7","author":"Goodwin, B.A.S.; Huether, C.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Goodwin BAS, Huether CA. Revised estimates and projections of Down syndrome births in the United States, and the effects of prenatal diagnosis utilization, 1970-2002. Prenat Diagn 1987;7:261-71.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370020203","article-title":"False-positive reporting of Down syndrome on Ohio and New York birth certificates","volume":"2","author":"Johnson, K.M.; Huether, C.A.; Hook, E.B.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Johnson KM, Huether CA, Hook EB, et al. False-positive reporting of Down syndrome on Ohio and New York birth certificates. Genet Epidemiol 1985;2:123-31.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"Hosmer, D.W.; Lemeshow, S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: John Wiley, 1989."},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Estimation and projection of Down's syndrome birthsfor the United States, and the effects ofamniocentesis utilization, 1970-2002","author":"Goodwin, B.A.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goodwin BAS. Estimation and projection of Down's syndrome birthsfor the United States, and the effects ofamniocentesis utilization, 1970-2002. Masters thesis, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, 1985."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03115.x","article-title":"Estimating a woman's risk of having a pregnancy associated with Down's syndrome using her age and serum alpha-fetoprotein level","volume":"94","author":"Cuckle, H.S.; Wald, N.J.; Thompson, S.G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cuckle HS, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. Estimating a woman's risk of having a pregnancy associated with Down's syndrome using her age and serum alpha-fetoprotein level. BrJ Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:387-402.","journal-title":"BrJ Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970140814","article-title":"The imprecision in rates of Down syndrome by 1-year maternal age intervals: a critical analysis of rates used in biochemical screening","volume":"14","author":"Hecht, C.A.; Hook, E.B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hecht CA, Hook EB. The imprecision in rates of Down syndrome by 1-year maternal age intervals: a critical analysis of rates used in biochemical screening. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:729-38.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1974.tb04849.x","article-title":"Down's syndrome in Sweden: an epidemiological study of three-year material","volume":"63","author":"Lindsjo, A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lindsjo A. Down's syndrome in Sweden: an epidemiological study of three-year material. Acta Paediatr Scand 1974;63: 571-6.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_16","first-page":"8","article-title":"A comparative epidemiology of Down AsymnJdrEopmiedeimniotlw1o99U3n","volume":"1","author":"Krivchenia, E.L.; Huether, C.A.; Edmonds, L.D.; May, D.; Guckenberger, S.A.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Krivchenia EL, Huether CA, Edmonds LD, May D, Guckenberger SA. 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Med 3tAust 1991;155:115-17."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70381-7","article-title":"Differences between black and white women in the use of prenatal technologies","volume":"170","author":"Brett, K.M.; Schoendorf, K.C.; Kiely, J.L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brett KM, Schoendorf KC, Kiely JL. Differences between black and white women in the use of prenatal technologies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:41-6. care","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00017-8","article-title":"Racial-ethnic differences in prenatal diagnostic test use and outcomes: preferences, socioeconomics, or patient knowledge?","volume":"87","author":"Kuppermann, M.; Gates, E.; Washington, A.E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kuppermann M, Gates E, Washington AE. Racial-ethnic differences in prenatal diagnostic test use and outcomes: preferences, socioeconomics, or patient knowledge? 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