{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:20:39Z","timestamp":1791897639455,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depressive illness) is a complex genetic disorder in which the core feature is pathological disturbance in mood (affect) ranging from extreme elation, or mania, to severe depression usually accompanied by disturbances in thinking and behaviour. The lifetime prevalence of 1% is similar in males and females and family, twin, and adoption studies provide robust evidence for a major genetic contribution to risk. There are methodological impediments to precise quantification, but the approximate lifetime risk of bipolar disorder in relatives of a bipolar proband are: monozygotic co-twin 40-70%; first degree relative 5-10%; unrelated person 0.5-1.5%. Occasional families may exist in which a single gene plays the major role in determining susceptibility, but the majority of bipolar disorder involves the interaction of multiple genes (epistasis) or more complex genetic mechanisms (such as dynamic mutation or imprinting). Molecular genetic positional and candidate gene approaches are being used for the genetic dissection of bipolar disorder. No gene has yet been identified but promising findings are emerging. Regions of interest identified in linkage studies include 4p16, 12q23-q24, 16p13, 21q22, and Xq24-q26. Chromosome 18 is also of interest but the findings are confusing with up to three possible regions implicated. To date most candidate gene studies have focused on neurotransmitter systems influenced by medication used in clinical management of the disorder but no robust positive findings have yet emerged. It is, however, almost certain that over the next few years bipolar susceptibility genes will be identified. This will have a major impact on our understanding of disease pathophysiology and will provide important opportunities to investigate the interaction between genetic and environmental factors involved in pathogenesis. This is likely to lead to major improvements in treatment and patient care but will also raise important ethical issues that will need to be addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.36.8.585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T18:50:46Z","timestamp":1500663046000},"page":"585-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":366,"title":["Genetics of bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Nick","family":"Craddock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1993) The ICD10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. (WHO, Geneva)."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.2","unstructured":"APA (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC), 4th ed.."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072198","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of functional psychosis.","volume":"43","author":"Kendell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.155.4.437"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.5","unstructured":"Smith AL Weissman MM (1992) Epidemiology. in Handbook of affective disorders. ed Paykel ES (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh), pp 111\u2013129."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.117.539.437"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07253-4"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290080001001"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540416"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.1.4"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800160018004"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700027355","article-title":"Diminished recall and the cohort effect of major depression: a simulation study.","volume":"24","author":"Giuffra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.13","unstructured":"Tsuang MT Faraone SV (1990) The genetics of mood disorders. (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore)."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1966.tb11010.x","article-title":"A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses.","volume":"suppl 42","author":"Perris","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.15","first-page":"692","article-title":"Morbidity risk and genetic transmission in manic-depressive Illness.","volume":"26","author":"Mendlewicz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760130055009"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90007-2"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.5.449","article-title":"A genetic study of bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"126","author":"James","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06679.x","article-title":"A genetic study of affective disorders.","volume":"56","author":"Smeraldi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1977.01770210088008","article-title":"Analysis of familial factors in bipolar affective illness.","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manic-depressive illness: a clinical, social and genetic study.","volume":"suppl 269","author":"Petterson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(80)90009-9"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/6.4.586","article-title":"The group of schizophrenias, schizoaffective psychoses, and affective disorders.","volume":"6","author":"Scharfetter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290100031006"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.2.209","article-title":"The Iowa 500\u2014affective disorder in relatives of manic and depressed patients.","volume":"139","author":"Winokur","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790120015003"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800170063009"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800170083011"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90023-7"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090031005"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230041004"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03372.x","article-title":"The distinction of bipolar II disorder from bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression: results of a controlled family study.","volume":"87","author":"Heun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170041006"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.6.492"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01348.x"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.155.3.294"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199321000-00002","article-title":"Unipolar relatives in bipolar pedigrees: are they bipolar?","volume":"3","author":"Blacker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.6.901","article-title":"Bipolar II: the most common bipolar phenotype?","volume":"150","author":"Simpson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700011090","article-title":"Bipolar II illness: course and outcome over a five year period.","volume":"19","author":"Coryell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199207000-00005","article-title":"Relevance of early age-of-onset in genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"31","author":"Strober","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.41","unstructured":"Kringlen E (1967) Heredity and environment in the functional psychoses. (Heinemann, London)."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.131.11.1234"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.130.4.330"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030032003"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210033004"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.162"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810100009002"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.1.1"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/268327a0"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800100013003"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.51","unstructured":"Craddock N (1995) Genetic linkage and association studies of bipolar disorder. PhD thesis (University of Wales)."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.4.507"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1994.tb00462.x","article-title":"Is there an inverse relationship between Down\u2019s syndrome and bipolar affective disorder? Literature review and genetic implications.","volume":"38","author":"Craddock","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Intellect Dis Res"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(77)90015-2"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600505"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(81)90014-5"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.57","first-page":"274","article-title":"Segregation and linkage analyses in families of patients with bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective mood disorders.","volume":"45","author":"Goldin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199203000-00002","article-title":"Segregation analysis of the NIMH Collaborative study. Family data on bipolar disorder.","volume":"2","author":"Sham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970221)74:1<18::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.60","first-page":"690","article-title":"Mathematical limits of multilocus models: the genetic transmission of bipolar disorder.","volume":"57","author":"Craddock","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.91.4.725"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.125.10.1358"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03210130016004"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326289a0"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.1.7"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(86)90031-2"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0495-347"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011558","article-title":"Modern molecular genetic approaches to psychiatric disease.","volume":"52","author":"Craddock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/325783a0"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/342238a0"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0193-49"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.72","first-page":"461","article-title":"The Wellcome Trust UK-Irish bipolar sib pair study: sample and study design.","volume":"81","author":"Gill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.73","unstructured":"Suarez BK Hample CL Van Eerdewegh P (1994) Problems of replicating linkage claims in psychiatry. Genetic approaches to mental disorders. (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC), pp 23\u201346."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8091226"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.75","first-page":"1212","article-title":"High-resolution genetic mapping of complex traits.","volume":"56","author":"Kruglyak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990618)88:3<244::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199800820-00014","article-title":"Chromosome 18 workshop.","volume":"8","author":"Van Broeckhoven","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199522000-00005","article-title":"A possible locus for manic depressive illness on chromosome 16p13.","volume":"5","author":"Ewald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5.2.105"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90398-C"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1987.tb00875.x","article-title":"Haplotype relative risks: an easy and reliable way to construct a proper control sample for risk calculations.","volume":"51","author":"Falk","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.83","first-page":"402","article-title":"Comparison of statistics for candidate-gene association studies using cases and parents.","volume":"55","author":"Schaid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.84","first-page":"506","article-title":"Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).","volume":"52","author":"Spielman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.85","first-page":"453","article-title":"A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene: possible role in susceptibility to affective disorder.","volume":"1","author":"Collier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000256"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000334"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.88","unstructured":"Kirov G, Rees M, Jones I, McCandless F, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Bipolar disorder and the serotonin transporter gene: a family-based association study. Psychol Med (in press).."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.136","article-title":"Genetic association analysis of serotonin system genes in bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"156","author":"Vincent","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199624000-00001","article-title":"Structure of a variable number tandem repeat of the serotonin transporter gene and association with affective disorder.","volume":"6","author":"Battersby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90993-9"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00524-0"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<58::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<1::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700033663","article-title":"Dynamic mutations and psychiatric genetics.","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0693-135"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.1995.0006"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0895-380"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035868","article-title":"Confirmation of association between expanded CAG\/CTG repeats and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.100","first-page":"730","article-title":"CAG repeat expansions in bipolar and unipolar disorders.","volume":"60","author":"Oruc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.101","first-page":"141","article-title":"Frequency analysis of large CAG\/CTG trinucleotide repeats in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"1","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000416"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00516-1"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820020046006"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90013-4"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.2.179","article-title":"Rapid cycling affective disorder: contributing factors and treatment responses in 51 cases.","volume":"145","author":"Wehr","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<468::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000385"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000410"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830010049008"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.3.443","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and family history in seasonal and nonseasonal mood disorders.","volume":"150","author":"Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.5.431"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockington IF (1996) Motherhood and mental health. (Oxford University Press, Oxford).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192621269.001.0001"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.114","first-page":"544","article-title":"Molecular genetic approaches to puerperal psychosis.","volume":"81","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00355.x"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.116","unstructured":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics (1998) Mental disorders and genetics: the ethical context. (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London)."},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0496-427"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000399"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.3.355"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.11.1941"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/6784"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600203"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199623000-00032","article-title":"Genome-wide microsatellite marker linkage study of bipolar affective disorders in a very large pedigree derived from a homogeneous population in Quebec points to susceptibility locus on chromosome 12.","volume":"6","author":"Barden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199800830-00002","article-title":"Significant linkage between bipolar affective disorder and chromosome 12q24.","volume":"8","author":"Ewald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5918"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.126","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect.","volume":"57","author":"Stine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0496-436"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-291"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.129","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Affected sib-pair analyses reveal support of a prior evidence for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder, on 21q.","volume":"58","author":"Detera-Wadleigh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970531)74:3<254::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.4486"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/325805a0"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370060146"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.134","first-page":"385","article-title":"Anticipation in bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"53","author":"McInnis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025101723583082000_36.8.585.135","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Patterns of maternal transmission in bipolar affective disorder.","volume":"56","author":"McMahon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jmg.36.8.585","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T06:58:47Z","timestamp":1760770727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmg.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jmg.36.8.585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jmg.36.8.585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.36.8.585","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2593","1468-6244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2593","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-6244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]}}}