{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:12:29Z","timestamp":1760782349926,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The GDNF family receptor alpha (GFR\u03b1) proteins are extracellular cell surface bound molecules that act as adapters in binding of the GDNF family of soluble neurotrophic factors to the RET receptor. These molecules are essential for development of many neural crest derived cell types and the kidney. Mutations in <jats:italic>RET<\/jats:italic> and in two members of the GDNF ligand family are associated with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a congenital absence of the enteric ganglia. Members of the GFR\u03b1 family are also candidates for HSCR mutations. One such gene is<jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic>, which is expressed in the peripheral nervous system and developing nerves.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We have characterised the structure of the human <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic> locus and investigated the gene for sequence variants in a panel of HSCR patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long range PCR or subcloning of PAC clones was used to investigate<jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic> intron-exon boundaries. A combination of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing was used to investigate<jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic> sequence variants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic>spans eight coding exons and has a gene structure and organisation similar to that of <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-1<\/jats:italic>. We identified three polymorphic variants in <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic> in a normal control population, a subset of which also occurred in HSCR patients. We did not detect any sequence variants within the coding sequence of <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic>. We found a base substitution in the 5\u2032 UTR of <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3<\/jats:italic>, 15 base pairs upstream of the translation start site. A second substitution was identified in intron 4 (IVS4-30G&gt;A) between the splice branch site and the splice acceptor site. The final variant was a 2 base pair insertion within the splice donor consensus sequence of exon 7 (IVS7+4ins GG).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We did not detect any correlation between variants of <jats:italic>GFR\u03b1-3 <\/jats:italic>and the HSCR phenotype. Our data suggest that mutations of this gene are not a cause of HSCR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.9.674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:38:40Z","timestamp":1027751920000},"page":"674-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterisation of the human <i>GFR\u03b1-3<\/i>locus and investigation of the gene in Hirschsprung disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Chinedu I","family":"Onochie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M","family":"Korngut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith B","family":"Vanhorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley M","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lois M","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(69)80031-4"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81311-2","article-title":"GDNF-induced activation of the Ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-\u03b1, a novel receptor for GDNF.","volume":"85","author":"Jing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409273111307"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80011-1"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301642"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050850"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00861.x"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.1998.2799"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10372"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10379"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10385"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/367377a0","article-title":"Point mutations affecting the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto-oncogene in Hirschsprung's disease.","volume":"367","author":"Romeo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/367378a0","article-title":"Mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in Hirschsprung's disease.","volume":"367","author":"Edery","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025101714203247000_37.9.674.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196701192760303","article-title":"The genetics of Hirschsprung's disease. 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