{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:34:04Z","timestamp":1791081244857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,12]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.5.4.341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T14:49:07Z","timestamp":1226328547000},"page":"341-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Males with an XYY sex chromosome complement."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"W M","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1968,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Mongol parent: normal IQ and sexual development Sandberg","year":"1961","unstructured":"44 Mongol parent: normal IQ and sexual development Sandberg et al. (1961)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_2","author":"Hauschka","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hauschka et al. (1962)"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Undescended testes and mental subnormality Fraccaro","year":"1962","unstructured":"2 Undescended testes and mental subnormality Fraccaro et al. (1962)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_4","author":"Sandberg","year":"1963","unstructured":"Sandberg et al. (1963)"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Sturge-Weber's syndrome Dent","year":"1963","unstructured":"3 Sturge-Weber's syndrome Dent et al. (1963)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Marfan's syndrome: normal IQ and sexual development Hustinx and van Olphen","year":"1963","unstructured":"11 Marfan's syndrome: normal IQ and sexual development Hustinx and van Olphen (1963)"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Mental subnormality: normal sexual development Ricci and Malacarne","year":"1964","unstructured":"15 Mental subnormality: normal sexual development Ricci and Malacarne (1964)"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Hypospadias and hypogonadism Milcu","year":"1964","unstructured":"7 Hypospadias and hypogonadism Milcu et al. (1964)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_9","article-title":"Identified family study: fertile Stalder","year":"1964","unstructured":"? Identified family study: fertile Stalder et al. (1964)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_10","author":"Brown, Court","year":"1964","unstructured":"Court Brown et al. (1964)"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Amyotonia congenita: undescended testes Dunn","year":"1964","unstructured":"3 Amyotonia congenita: undescended testes Dunn et al. (1961); Uchida, Miller, and Soltan (1964)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Mongol: normal sexual development Verresen and van den Berghe","year":"1965","unstructured":"9 Mongol: normal sexual development Verresen and van den Berghe (1965)"},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Albright's disease of bone: normal sexual development Montero and Duran","year":"1965","unstructured":"18 Albright's disease of bone: normal sexual development Montero and Duran (1965)"},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"Mongol: normal sexual development Migeon (personal communication","year":"1965","unstructured":"1 Mongol: normal sexual development Migeon (personal communication, 1965)"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Undescended testes, mentally subnormal Kosenow and Pfeiffer","year":"1966","unstructured":"14 Undescended testes, mentally subnormal Kosenow and Pfeiffer (1966, 1967)"},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Hypogonadism Balodimos","year":"1966","unstructured":"64 Hypogonadism Balodimos et al. (1966)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_17","author":"Nielson","year":"1966","unstructured":"Nielson et al. (1966)"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Mongol: undescended testes Uchida","year":"1966","unstructured":"< 1 Mongol: undescended testes Uchida, Ray, and Duncan (1966)"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Retarded growth: normal testes, deficient hair Mirouze","year":"1966","unstructured":"17 Retarded growth: normal testes, deficient hair Mirouze et al. (1966)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_20","author":"Wilton; Lever","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wilton and Lever (1967)"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"Identified family study: fertile","year":"1967","unstructured":"52 Identified family study: fertile Thompson, Melnyk, and Hecht (1967)"},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"Neck webbing: mental subnormality, normal sexual development","year":"1967","unstructured":"24 Neck webbing: mental subnormality, normal sexual development Kelly et al. (1967)","journal-title":"Kelly et al"},{"key":"ref_23","article-title":"Admitted psychiatric unit with destructive, defiant, antisocial behaviour; Turner (personal communication","year":"1968","unstructured":"8 Admitted psychiatric unit with destructive, defiant, antisocial behaviour; Turner (personal communication, 1968)"},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"reported by Turner and Jennings","year":"1961","unstructured":"reported by Turner and Jennings (1961) as trisomy 22; since reassessed as"},{"key":"ref_25","article-title":"evidence only for a 47, XYY line. These two cases It seems difficult to substantiate a diagnosis of testireported by Vignetti et","author":"al","year":"1967","unstructured":"evidence only for a 47,XYY line. These two cases It seems difficult to substantiate a diagnosis of testireported by Vignetti et al. and Forsberg et al. had cular feminization in the absence of a supporting chromosome studies only on preparations of culfamily history. Furthermore, though we are ignotured lymphocytes, but the third case, reported by rant of the true frequencies of individuals with Franks et al. (1967), was most thoroughly studied 47, XYY complements and also of females with testiand consequently is all the more valuable. The cular feminization, it is stretching coincidence bepatient was a mentally retarded female of 21 months yond the realms of reason to suggest that these three of age when first examined. Her growth was subjects represent the fortuitous association of normal and she showed separate vaginal and urethtesticular feminization and an XYY complement.","journal-title":"et al; cular feminization in the absence of a supporting chromosome studies only on preparations of culfamily history. Furthermore, though we are ignotured lymphocytes, but the third case, reported by rant of the true frequencies of individuals with Franks"},{"key":"ref_26","article-title":"balanced form of the translocation, while the reand Price and Whatmore (1967a, b), though perhaps maining child, a girl, was dead at the time of study","author":"Casey","year":"1966","unstructured":", Casey et al. (1966a, b), Price et al. (1966), balanced form of the translocation, while the reand Price and Whatmore (1967a, b), though perhaps maining child, a girl, was dead at the time of study."},{"key":"ref_27","article-title":"the reassessment of Case 24, originally reported by There was reason to believe that she might have had Turner and Jennings in 1961 as 47, XY,22+, may an unbalanced form of the translocation. It is have been influenced by the above work","unstructured":"the reassessment of Case 24, originally reported by There was reason to believe that she might have had Turner and Jennings in 1961 as 47,XY,22+, may an unbalanced form of the translocation. It is have been influenced by the above work."},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"presumed that this poor reproductive record is The original case, noted in a preliminary report related to the autosomal rearrangement and not to by Sandberg et al. in 1961, was described in detail the XYY sex chromsome complement. The other by Hauschka et al. in 1962. He was 44 years old, chance ascertainment in a family study was Case 22. 183 cm. (6 feet) in height, and somewhat obese. The index case was a boy with tyrosinuria, and in Employed as a manual labourer it is noted that heexamining this boy's family his maternal grandhad experienced difficulty in satisfying his emfather was shown to have a 47, XYY complement","unstructured":"presumed that this poor reproductive record is The original case, noted in a preliminary report related to the autosomal rearrangement and not to by Sandberg et al. in 1961, was described in detail the XYY sex chromsome complement. The other by Hauschka et al. in 1962. He was 44 years old, chance ascertainment in a family study was Case 22. 183 cm. (6 feet) in height, and somewhat obese. The index case was a boy with tyrosinuria, and in Employed as a manual labourer it is noted that heexamining this boy's family his maternal grandhad experienced difficulty in satisfying his emfather was shown to have a 47,XYY complement."},{"key":"ref_29","article-title":"He was not mentally retarded but of low This had not impaired his reproductive ability for normal intelligence. This man was examined behe had sired 6 males","volume-title":"one 46, XX cause his wife had given birth to a mongol daughter. girl. In view of the interest in the behavioural In fact he had been married twice and had had 7 problems of 47, XYY males it is known that this children. His sexual development was normal but particular man is somewhat hostile and has a history he had a diffusely scattered neurodermatitis, an of brawling","author":"ployers","year":"1967","unstructured":"ployers. He was not mentally retarded but of low This had not impaired his reproductive ability for normal intelligence. This man was examined behe had sired 6 males, all 46,XY, and one 46,XX cause his wife had given birth to a mongol daughter. girl. In view of the interest in the behavioural In fact he had been married twice and had had 7 problems of 47,XYY males it is known that this children. His sexual development was normal but particular man is somewhat hostile and has a history he had a diffusely scattered neurodermatitis, an of brawling (Thompson, 1967, personal communicaumbilical hernia, and a cystic lesion of unknown tion). These 2 cases in Table I (Cases 9 and 22), nature in the left half of his mandible."},{"key":"ref_30","article-title":"The last case of all, Case 24, was reported The remaining 23 cases listed in Table I have in 1961 as an example of trisomy 22, but this diagbeen ascertained for a variety of reasons. Two nosis is now considered incorrect with the more were found by chance during the examination of likely one being","author":"tion","unstructured":"tion. The last case of all, Case 24, was reported The remaining 23 cases listed in Table I have in 1961 as an example of trisomy 22, but this diagbeen ascertained for a variety of reasons. Two nosis is now considered incorrect with the more were found by chance during the examination of likely one being that of 47,XYY."},{"key":"ref_31","article-title":"their families. In the instance of Case 9, the index It is impossible, of course, to make any objective case was a child with congenital abnormalities and assessment from these cases as to whether the with a chromosome complement of 46, XX, Cp +, association in many of them between undescended an unbalanced form of the translocation present in testes or hypogonadism and the XYY sex chromoher father expressed as 46, XY, t(Cp +; Dq-). some complement was anything more than fortui-","unstructured":"their families. In the instance of Case 9, the index It is impossible, of course, to make any objective case was a child with congenital abnormalities and assessment from these cases as to whether the with a chromosome complement of 46,XX, Cp +, association in many of them between undescended an unbalanced form of the translocation present in testes or hypogonadism and the XYY sex chromoher father expressed as 46,XY,t(Cp +;Dq-). some complement was anything more than fortui-"},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"This same balanced translocation was present in her tous. Subjectively, however, there is a suspicion grandfather whose chromosome complement","unstructured":"This same balanced translocation was present in her tous. Subjectively, however, there is a suspicion grandfather whose chromosome complement was that the association may be more than can be"},{"key":"ref_33","article-title":"tion of those with undescended testes or hypo-One is left wondering about a possible association gonadism, who were chromatin-negative, would between an XYY sex chromosome complement and require chromosome studies on about 9000. It is bone disorders. Furthermore, Case 15 is reported doubtful if such numbers have been examined, and, to have mandibulo-facial dysostosis, and it should therefore, there is a suspicion of a real association - not be overlooked that the original case, reported between the XYY sex chromsome complement and by Sandberg","year":"1962","unstructured":"tion of those with undescended testes or hypo-One is left wondering about a possible association gonadism, who were chromatin-negative, would between an XYY sex chromosome complement and require chromosome studies on about 9000. It is bone disorders. Furthermore, Case 15 is reported doubtful if such numbers have been examined, and, to have mandibulo-facial dysostosis, and it should therefore, there is a suspicion of a real association - not be overlooked that the original case, reported between the XYY sex chromsome complement and by Sandberg et al. (1961) and Hauschka et al. (1962), deficiencies of testicular development.","journal-title":"et al. (1961) and Hauschka et al; deficiencies of testicular development"},{"key":"ref_34","article-title":"had a lesion of undisclosed nature related to one If the association is not explicable on the basis side of his mandible. Finally, in a personal of chance then it is rather striking that so far, and to communication, 1968, Bosajieva has reported the the best of one's knowledge, no 47, XYY male finding of yet another male with idiopathic ascertained on grounds of aberrant behaviour has osteoarthropathy who has a 47, XYY complement","unstructured":"had a lesion of undisclosed nature related to one If the association is not explicable on the basis side of his mandible. Finally, in a personal of chance then it is rather striking that so far, and to communication, 1968, Bosajieva has reported the the best of one's knowledge, no 47,XYY male finding of yet another male with idiopathic ascertained on grounds of aberrant behaviour has osteoarthropathy who has a 47,XYY complement."},{"key":"ref_35","article-title":"The final comment to make is that the possible Case 20 was examined by Mirouze","year":"1966","unstructured":"The final comment to make is that the possible Case 20 was examined by Mirouze et al. (1966) beassociation with either undescended testes or with cause at 17 years of age he was only 143 cm. in hypogonadism, suggested by the data in Table I, is height and 34 kg. in weight. His penis was small complicated by the fact that in one of the cases rebut his testes appeared to be normally developed.","journal-title":"et al; beassociation with either undescended testes or with cause at 17 years of age he was only 143 cm. in hypogonadism, suggested by the data in Table I, is height and 34 kg. in weight. His penis was small complicated by the fact that in one of the cases rebut his testes appeared to be normally developed"},{"key":"ref_36","article-title":"ported by Fraccaro","author":"et al.","year":"1962","unstructured":"ported by Fraccaro et al. (1962, Case 2) the testes He had no growth of facial hair, no axillary hair, had descended by the time of publication of the and only an early growth of pubic hair. Other report, while only one testis was involved in the features were radio-ulnar synostosis, some acetabucase reported by Sandberg et al. (1963) and the lar protrusion, and some irregularity of developpatient had two 46,XY brothers in both of whom ment of the vertebral bodies, and evidence for detesticular descent had been somewhat delayed. A layed epiphysial closure. Mirouze et al. reported brother of the patient reported by Balodimos et al. his chromosome complement as 47,XYY or 47, (1966, Case 16) also showed hypogonadism while XY,22 +, but inspection of the photograph of the his sister, with a 46,XX complement, had had a karyotype suggests the former to be the more late menarche and had stopped menstruating at 30 likely complement. His short stature could be years.","journal-title":"et al; Case 2) the testes He had no growth of facial hair, no axillary hair, had descended by the time of publication of the and only an early growth of pubic hair. Other report, while only one testis was involved in the features were radio-ulnar synostosis, some acetabucase reported by Sandberg"},{"key":"ref_37","article-title":"explained on the basis of his disordered bone Some comment is required on several of the development, but a combination of short stature, other cases in Table I. Case 5 was originally deficient body and facial hair, and delayed epiphyreported by Hayward and Bower","volume-title":"as an sial closure suggests that a 45, X line may be present example of trisomy 22, but further studies by Dent, and that he may be a 45, X\/47, XYY mosaic","year":"1960","unstructured":"explained on the basis of his disordered bone Some comment is required on several of the development, but a combination of short stature, other cases in Table I. Case 5 was originally deficient body and facial hair, and delayed epiphyreported by Hayward and Bower (1960) as an sial closure suggests that a 45,X line may be present example of trisomy 22, but further studies by Dent, and that he may be a 45,X\/47,XYY mosaic. Case"},{"key":"ref_38","article-title":"clearly showed the 23 was reported by Kelly, Almy, and Barnard in additional acrocentric chromosome to be a YE 1967: there is very little information about this chromosome. Case 6 was ascertained by chance 24-year-old man except that he is mentally subduring the examination of a family showing a normal, has a history of suspected arsonist activities, number of members with Marfan's syndrome, while and that his sexual development is normal. He Case 7 was referred to hospital with pneumonia and was examined because he had a webbed neck, and examined cytologically because of his obvious mena study of cultured lymphocytes showed a 47, XYY tal retardation (IQ 59: Wechsler-Bellevue scale). complement. The authors considered the possi-","author":"Edwards; Delhanty","year":"1963","unstructured":"Edwards, and Delhanty (1963) clearly showed the 23 was reported by Kelly, Almy, and Barnard in additional acrocentric chromosome to be a YE 1967: there is very little information about this chromosome. Case 6 was ascertained by chance 24-year-old man except that he is mentally subduring the examination of a family showing a normal, has a history of suspected arsonist activities, number of members with Marfan's syndrome, while and that his sexual development is normal. He Case 7 was referred to hospital with pneumonia and was examined because he had a webbed neck, and examined cytologically because of his obvious mena study of cultured lymphocytes showed a 47,XYY tal retardation (IQ 59: Wechsler-Bellevue scale). complement. The authors considered the possi-"},{"key":"ref_39","article-title":"personal combility of 45, X\/47, XYY mosaicism, but rejected munication) indicates","author":"recent information (Ricci, More","year":"1968","unstructured":"More recent information (Ricci, 1968, personal combility of 45,X\/47,XYY mosaicism, but rejected munication) indicates that this last patient is very this on the grounds that such individuals have a aggressive in his behaviour. The case reported female phenotype. However, as has been noted, by Court Brown et al. (1964) had also problems in this is not necessarily so, and it is possible that social adjustment, and a more recent review of the further studies of this man might reveal a 45,X line, information on him showed that not long before or alternatively the presence ofneck webbing may be his study he had been convicted in Canada of fortuitous.","journal-title":"et al; grounds that such individuals have a aggressive in his behaviour. The case reported female phenotype. However, as has been noted, by Court Brown"},{"key":"ref_40","article-title":"breaking and entering and had been placed on pro-In summary, therefore, the first phase of study bation. Case 13 showed features that were conled to the publication of a number of examples of sidered by Montero and Duran (1965) to be those males with a 47, XYY complement, the most of fibrous dysplasia of bone (Albright's syndrome), common reason for ascertainment being either undescended testes or hypogonadism. It is possible that there may be some link between impaired testicular development and an XYY complement and there may also be some link with bone disease","unstructured":"breaking and entering and had been placed on pro-In summary, therefore, the first phase of study bation. Case 13 showed features that were conled to the publication of a number of examples of sidered by Montero and Duran (1965) to be those males with a 47,XYY complement, the most of fibrous dysplasia of bone (Albright's syndrome), common reason for ascertainment being either undescended testes or hypogonadism. It is possible that there may be some link between impaired testicular development and an XYY complement and there may also be some link with bone disease."},{"key":"ref_41","article-title":"In 1958 Ferguson-Smith reported finding 3 chromatin-positive males among 283 examined in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. Since then a good deal of work has been done on the frequency of males with abnormal complements of X chromosomes among the mentally subnormal, work recently reviewed by Court Brown","volume-title":"There are on record at least 15 surveys of hospitalized mentally subnormal males, involving over 13,000 patients and in which the survey technique has been nuclear sexing. The over-all frequency of males with an abnormal nuclear sex is about 9 4 per 1000, comprising about 7T6 per 1000 singly chromatinpositive males, about 1 6 per 1000 doubly chromatin-positive, with the remainder being trebly chromatin-positive. These frequencies represent significant increases over those recorded in the livebom male population, and there is no doubt that the presence of an additional X chromosome or chromosomes appreciably increases the risk of a male being mentally subnormal","year":"1968","unstructured":"In 1958 Ferguson-Smith reported finding 3 chromatin-positive males among 283 examined in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. Since then a good deal of work has been done on the frequency of males with abnormal complements of X chromosomes among the mentally subnormal, work recently reviewed by Court Brown (1968). There are on record at least 15 surveys of hospitalized mentally subnormal males, involving over 13,000 patients and in which the survey technique has been nuclear sexing. The over-all frequency of males with an abnormal nuclear sex is about 9 4 per 1000, comprising about 7T6 per 1000 singly chromatinpositive males, about 1 6 per 1000 doubly chromatin-positive, with the remainder being trebly chromatin-positive. These frequencies represent significant increases over those recorded in the livebom male population, and there is no doubt that the presence of an additional X chromosome or chromosomes appreciably increases the risk of a male being mentally subnormal."},{"key":"ref_42","article-title":"It so happens that the frequencies of males with abnormal nuclear sex found by the Swedish workers are in close agreement with those found in the hospitals for the mentally subnormal in other countries after standardization for IQ. In fact, it seems reasonable to conclude that behaviour will be an important consideration in many instances in determining whether a mentally subnormal individual is hospitalized, certainly for those in the higher grades of subnormality. It is of interest in this regard that Court Brown reported in 1962 the finding that a high proportion of chromatin-positive males found in Scottish hospitals for the mentally subnormal had been referred to these hospitals via the Courts","unstructured":"It so happens that the frequencies of males with abnormal nuclear sex found by the Swedish workers are in close agreement with those found in the hospitals for the mentally subnormal in other countries after standardization for IQ. In fact, it seems reasonable to conclude that behaviour will be an important consideration in many instances in determining whether a mentally subnormal individual is hospitalized, certainly for those in the higher grades of subnormality. It is of interest in this regard that Court Brown reported in 1962 the finding that a high proportion of chromatin-positive males found in Scottish hospitals for the mentally subnormal had been referred to these hospitals via the Courts."},{"key":"ref_43","article-title":"The maximum security hospital at which Jacobs and her colleagues did a chromosome survey of the male patients was the Scottish State hospital at Carstairs in Lanarkshire. This is an institution provided by the Secretary of State for Scotland in terms of Part VII of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 for persons subject to detention under the","unstructured":"The maximum security hospital at which Jacobs and her colleagues did a chromosome survey of the male patients was the Scottish State hospital at Carstairs in Lanarkshire. This is an institution provided by the Secretary of State for Scotland in terms of Part VII of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 for persons subject to detention under the"},{"key":"ref_44","article-title":"It was possible to study 315 of the 342 men, and 196 of those examined came from the wing for the mentally subnormal. The results of the examination of these 196 men formed the preliminary report by Jacobs","author":"et al.","year":"1965","unstructured":"It was possible to study 315 of the 342 men, and 196 of those examined came from the wing for the mentally subnormal. The results of the examination of these 196 men formed the preliminary report by Jacobs et al. (1965) while the complete results are reported by Jacobs et al. (1968), and this latter report included information on all forms of abnormal chromosome complement found as well as the 47,XYY males. The report of 1965 showed that 12 of 196 men had an abnormal complement","journal-title":"et al; while the complete results are reported by Jacobs"},{"key":"ref_45","article-title":"When the survey was completed (Jacobs et al., The most informative comparison, however, 1968) another 2 XYY males had been identified in came from an examination of the sibs of the XYY the 119 men from the wing containing those with males and of those of the controls in respect of the mental disease (17%)), and the total tally of abnumbers of convictions recorded against them","unstructured":"When the survey was completed (Jacobs et al., The most informative comparison, however, 1968) another 2 XYY males had been identified in came from an examination of the sibs of the XYY the 119 men from the wing containing those with males and of those of the controls in respect of the mental disease (17%)), and the total tally of abnumbers of convictions recorded against them."},{"key":"ref_46","article-title":"in 3 and 1 in 4 of the men of 183 cm. or more had been convicted of a criminal offence, while 139 an XYY sex chromosome complement. Price convictions had been recorded for the 63 sibs","year":"1966","unstructured":"in 3 and 1 in 4 of the men of 183 cm. or more had been convicted of a criminal offence, while 139 an XYY sex chromosome complement. Price convictions had been recorded for the 63 sibs of the et al. (1966) then examined the physical developcontrols, these latter sibs coming from 7 families.","journal-title":"of the et al; then examined the physical developcontrols, these latter sibs"},{"key":"ref_47","article-title":"for it cannot be denied that a parent faced Though there was nothing physically remarkable with the fact of a son detained in a maximum about the XYY males, a comparison of these with security hospital may tend to exaggerate problems other controls in respect of their behaviour revealed of behaviour in his or her son's childhood. Neverseveral interesting differences and one in particular theless it is the case","author":"caution","year":"1968","unstructured":"caution, for it cannot be denied that a parent faced Though there was nothing physically remarkable with the fact of a son detained in a maximum about the XYY males, a comparison of these with security hospital may tend to exaggerate problems other controls in respect of their behaviour revealed of behaviour in his or her son's childhood. Neverseveral interesting differences and one in particular theless it is the case that for 7 of the 9 XYY males which is important in assessing whether these men ascertained by Jacobs et al. (1968) there was a are genetically predisposed to behavioural disorders history of behavioural problems extending back (Price and Whatmore, 1967a, b). In this study into early childhood, and in 4 instances the indivithe 9 males with an XYY complement were comduals had been sent to approved schools. In 2 pared with 18 males with an XY complement instances the affected male had been disowned by selected at random from those in the hospital his family.","journal-title":"et al; males which is important in assessing whether these men ascertained by Jacobs"},{"key":"ref_48","article-title":"age at first conviction for all the 47, XYY males was","volume-title":"aggression was not an important feature of","year":"1965","unstructured":"age at first conviction for all the 47,XYY males was (1965) aggression was not an important feature of"},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"The men examined were drawn from a highly selected group of males and their features need not necessarily be generally applicable to the whole class of 47, XYY males. There is only one last point to make about the study of these men and it is that a group of psychologists examined them using a variety of tests to see if cognitive or clinical features were detectable which distinguished them from other men in the hospital","volume-title":"This study was inconclusive and served perhaps only to underline the inadequacies of many psychological test systems","year":"1967","unstructured":"The men examined were drawn from a highly selected group of males and their features need not necessarily be generally applicable to the whole class of 47,XYY males. There is only one last point to make about the study of these men and it is that a group of psychologists examined them using a variety of tests to see if cognitive or clinical features were detectable which distinguished them from other men in the hospital (Hope, Philip, and Loughran, 1967). This study was inconclusive and served perhaps only to underline the inadequacies of many psychological test systems."},{"key":"ref_50","article-title":"It will be recalled that about 1 in 4 males at the Scottish State hospital with a height of 183 cm. or more had an XYY complement","author":"males, X.Y.Y.","year":"1966","unstructured":"XYY males. It will be recalled that about 1 in 4 males at the Scottish State hospital with a height of 183 cm. or more had an XYY complement. Casey et al. (1966a) took advantage of this finding and exaiined 50 males of 183 cm. or more at the English special hospitals of Moss Side and Rampton. They also examined 50 males from the English special hospital at Broadmoor which primarily deals with dangerous and aggressive individuals with mental disease. Their findings were startling and amply confirmed those of Jacobs et al. No less than 12 of the 50 males from Rampton and Moss Side had a 47,XYY complement, and 4 of 50 from Broadmoor had a similar complement. Though the findings from the surveys at Moss Side and Rampton unrestricted for height have yet to be reported, the fact that the frequency of XYY males among those of 183 cm. or more was so comparable to that among men in the same range of stature at","journal-title":"Casey et al; took advantage of this finding and exaiined 50 males of 183 cm. or more at the English special hospitals of Moss Side and Rampton. They also examined 50 males from the English special hospital at Broadmoor which primarily deals with dangerous and aggressive individuals with mental disease. Their findings were startling and amply confirmed those of Jacobs et al. No less than 12 of the 50 males from Rampton and Moss Side had a 47, XYY complement, and 4 of 50 from Broadmoor had a similar complement. Though the findings from the surveys at Moss Side and Rampton unrestricted for height have yet to be"},{"key":"ref_51","article-title":"The significance of the findings in these maximum security hospitals depended on the argument that it was impossible to believe that the frequency of 47, XYY males at birth could be in any way comparable. In tact, it can be argued that their frequency at birth would be likely to be less than that of 47, XXY males","author":"Finally Casey et al.","year":"1966","unstructured":"The significance of the findings in these maximum security hospitals depended on the argument that it was impossible to believe that the frequency of 47,XYY males at birth could be in any way comparable. In tact, it can be argued that their frequency at birth would be likely to be less than that of 47,XXY males. The little that is known so far on the frequency in male babies will be dealt with later. Casey et al. (1966a), however, did exaiine 30 ordinary males of 183 cm. or more and also 30 mentally ill males in the same range of height finding none with an XYY complement. Finally Casey et al.","journal-title":"Casey et al; so far on the frequency in male babies will be dealt with later"},{"key":"ref_52","article-title":"The significance of the findings in these maximum security hospitals depended on the argument that it was impossible to believe that the frequency of 47, XYY males at birth could be in any way comparable. In tact, it can be argued that their frequency at birth would be likely to be less than that of 47, XXY males","year":"1966","unstructured":"The significance of the findings in these maximum security hospitals depended on the argument that it was impossible to believe that the frequency of 47,XYY males at birth could be in any way comparable. In tact, it can be argued that their frequency at birth would be likely to be less than that of 47,XXY males. The little that is known so far on the frequency in male babies will be dealt with later. Casey et al. (1966a) reported also on the examination of 24 men of 183 cm. or more in an English prison, sentenced for periods between 6 months and 5 years. They found 2 to have a 47,XYY complement, and it is with this finding that the third and current phase of the study of the XYY male was opened.","journal-title":"Casey et al; so far on the frequency in male babies will be dealt with later"},{"key":"ref_53","article-title":"It seems reasonable, therefore, to anticipate a lower frequency at fertilization of 47, XYY zygotes than of 47, XXY zygotes. While we do not know about the frequency of the latter at fertilization, we have a reasonable estimate of their frequency at birth, though admittedly this is virtually limited to studies of Caucasian populations","volume-title":"nuclear sexing surveys of the liveborn, and taking account of those surveys in which chromosome studies are reported on the chromatinpositive males, we may estimate the frequency of 47, XXY males at birth as about 1-3 per 1000 liveborn males","author":"(Court Brown,","year":"1968","unstructured":"It seems reasonable, therefore, to anticipate a lower frequency at fertilization of 47,XYY zygotes than of 47,XXY zygotes. While we do not know about the frequency of the latter at fertilization, we have a reasonable estimate of their frequency at birth, though admittedly this is virtually limited to studies of Caucasian populations. Pooling all the available information from nuclear sexing surveys of the liveborn, and taking account of those surveys in which chromosome studies are reported on the chromatinpositive males, we may estimate the frequency of 47,XXY males at birth as about 1-3 per 1000 liveborn males (Court Brown, 1968)."},{"key":"ref_54","article-title":"randomly selected male births studied at an earlier time (Court Brown, 1967), giving a total of 1107 live births. Among these we have identified a single 47, XYY male, a single 46, XX male, 2 males with a 47, XXY complement, 2 with a 47, XY,21 + complement, and a single example of autosomal structural heterozygosity. These data do not suggest that 47, XYY males are particularly frequent","unstructured":"randomly selected male births studied at an earlier time (Court Brown, 1967), giving a total of 1107 live births. Among these we have identified a single 47,XYY male, a single 46,XX male, 2 males with a 47,XXY complement, 2 with a 47,XY,21 + complement, and a single example of autosomal structural heterozygosity. These data do not suggest that 47,XYY males are particularly frequent."},{"key":"ref_55","article-title":"There is an important caveat to make about these studies on adults. They are dependent on voluntary co-operation, and studies such as those on males attending subfertility clinics are being done on a rather selected group of men who have sufficient insight into their own problems and a sufficiency of intelligence and drive to seek advice on a topic which still tends to be shrouded in an atmosphere of secrecy by society. It is entirely possible that some and perhaps many males with a 47, XYY complement will not be prepared to volunteer their participation in a study or will not have the necessary insight to seek advice in regard to subfertility. It is impossible to allow for the effects of bias introduced by refusals, and as far as the XYY males are concerned it seems entirely likely, considering what we now know of their behaviour, that they may be unusually prone to non-participation","unstructured":"There is an important caveat to make about these studies on adults. They are dependent on voluntary co-operation, and studies such as those on males attending subfertility clinics are being done on a rather selected group of men who have sufficient insight into their own problems and a sufficiency of intelligence and drive to seek advice on a topic which still tends to be shrouded in an atmosphere of secrecy by society. It is entirely possible that some and perhaps many males with a 47,XYY complement will not be prepared to volunteer their participation in a study or will not have the necessary insight to seek advice in regard to subfertility. It is impossible to allow for the effects of bias introduced by refusals, and as far as the XYY males are concerned it seems entirely likely, considering what we now know of their behaviour, that they may be unusually prone to non-participation."},{"key":"ref_56","author":"Jacobs","year":"1968","unstructured":"Jacobs et al. (1968)"},{"key":"ref_57","article-title":"Obviously a lot of interest may be generated from this type of comparison when more information becomes available, but it does seem that an XYY male may not necessarily be unique in his sibship in terms of height. It may be that when males are chosen for study on account of great height and found to have a 47, XYY complement then they will be unique among their sibs. However, there is a remarkable report by Wiener","author":"tall","year":"1968","unstructured":"Obviously a lot of interest may be generated from this type of comparison when more information becomes available, but it does seem that an XYY male may not necessarily be unique in his sibship in terms of height. It may be that when males are chosen for study on account of great height and found to have a 47,XYY complement then they will be unique among their sibs. However, there is a remarkable report by Wiener et al. (1968) of a 47,XYY male who was 210 cm. in height but who had a sister said to be about 218 cm. tall.","journal-title":"et al; of a 47, XYY male who was 210 cm. in height but who had a sister said to be about 218 cm"},{"key":"ref_58","article-title":"that the mortality risks of 47, XYY males do not differ from those of 46, XY males, while, thirdly, it is assumed that about 10% of the liveborn male population will reach a stature of 183 cm. or more as adults. This last assumption is based on recent data on the distribution of height among 18-year-old English boys","volume-title":"1966), and while 10% may be an overestimate in terms of males born before the last war, it may be an underestimate for males born at the present. It must also be emphasized that strictly speaking this may be taken to refer to British males","author":"Secondly","unstructured":"Secondly, that the mortality risks of 47,XYY males do not differ from those of 46,XY males, while, thirdly, it is assumed that about 10% of the liveborn male population will reach a stature of 183 cm. or more as adults. This last assumption is based on recent data on the distribution of height among 18-year-old English boys (Tanner, Whitehouse, and Takaishi, 1966), and while 10% may be an overestimate in terms of males born before the last war, it may be an underestimate for males born at the present. It must also be emphasized that strictly speaking this may be taken to refer to British males. Fourthly, it is assumed that the data"},{"key":"ref_59","year":"1967","unstructured":"Case 7, Case 8, Case 10, Case 11, Case 15, Case 16, TCahsoemp17s,on (1\"967, personal communication Perason (1967)3."},{"key":"ref_60","article-title":"Prsn(97 Wiener","year":"1968","unstructured":"Prsn(97 Wiener et al. (1968)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_61","article-title":"Cow3ie and $Kahn","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cow3ie and $Kahn (1968)"},{"key":"ref_62","article-title":"Epileptic colony Maximum security hospital","year":"1968","unstructured":"Epileptic colony Maximum security hospital,, Jacobs Tzoneva-Maneva et al. (1966) Court Brown et al. (1968) Wiener et al. (1968)","journal-title":"Jacobs Tzoneva-Maneva et al. (1966) Court Brown et al. (1968) Wiener et al"},{"key":"ref_63","article-title":"XY sex chromosome complement. It is also worth noting that the male with a 45, X\/47, XYY mosaic constitution reported by Court Brown","year":"1968","unstructured":"XY sex chromosome complement. It is also worth noting that the male with a 45,X\/47,XYY mosaic constitution reported by Court Brown et al. (1968) had had two sons, both of whom had an XY sex chromosome complement, so that so far there are data on 10 sons without evidence of secondary non-disjunction. However, Case 19 (Table I) is the son of Case 1 (Table VI), a 47,XY\/47,XYY mosaic, and the possibility of secondary nondisjunction cannot be excluded. Though many apparently normally developed 47,XYY males are and have been ascertained from the examination of various penal groups, it is often the case that these persons are unmarried, or if they are married and claim paternity then it is difficult to obtain access to the families to substantiate this claim and to examine the children.","journal-title":"et al; had had two sons, both of whom had an XY sex chromosome complement, so that so far there are data on 10 sons without evidence of secondary non-disjunction. However, Case 19 (Table I) is the son of Case 1 (Table VI), a 47, XY\/47, XYY mosaic, and the possibility of secondary nondisjunction cannot be excluded. Though many apparently normally developed 47, XYY males are and have been ascertained from the examination of various penal groups, it is often the case that these persons are unmarried, or if they are married and claim paternity then it is difficult to obtain access to the families to substantiate this claim and to examine the children"},{"key":"ref_64","article-title":"Aggressive psychopath, mental disease hospital; IQ 70-80; normal sexual develop-Richards and","year":"1966","unstructured":"47 Aggressive psychopath, mental disease hospital; IQ 70-80; normal sexual develop-Richards and Stewart (1966)"},{"key":"ref_65","article-title":"Oregon State Hospital; armed sexual assault; normal sexual development; IQ","year":"1967","unstructured":"32 Oregon State Hospital; armed sexual assault; normal sexual development; IQ 134; Thompson (1967, personal communiht. 198 cm."},{"key":"ref_66","article-title":"referred psychiatric clinic at years; no other data; Court Brown","year":"1968","unstructured":"referred psychiatric clinic at years; no other data; Court Brown et al. (1968)","journal-title":"et al"},{"key":"ref_67","author":"Cowie; Kahn","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cowie and Kahn (1968)"},{"key":"ref_68","article-title":"bed wetting, and poor school performance; rebellious adolescence; Leff and Scott","author":"Nervousness","year":"1968","unstructured":"26 Nervousness, bed wetting, and poor school performance; rebellious adolescence; Leff and Scott (1968)"},{"key":"ref_69","article-title":"Unpublished Edinburgh data Court Brown","author":"Brown, Court","year":"1967","unstructured":"Court Brown (1967) Unpublished Edinburgh data Court Brown et al. (1966) Kjessler (1966) Unpublished Edinburgh data McIlree et al. (1966)","journal-title":"et al; Unpublished Edinburgh data"},{"key":"ref_70","article-title":"personal commumcation) Unpublished Edinburgh data","author":"Bartlett","year":"1968","unstructured":",., Bartlett (1968, personal commumcation) Unpublished Edinburgh data Jacobs et al. (1965, 1968)","journal-title":"Jacobs et al"},{"key":"ref_71","article-title":"Population Studies. The first group of studies to examine are those in which there has been no height restriction in the selection of males for examination (Table VIII). These range from those of livebom male children and randomly selected adult males from the ordinary population to those in the Scottish maximum security hospital, in a specialized prison for recidivists, and to males of all ages in one large mental subnormality hospital. Information on the study of the specialized prison for recidivists has recently been published","volume-title":"The men in this particular prison are largely recidivists with severe personality disorders, who have voluntarily been transferred from other prisons and are of generally good intelligence (mean score on Raven's progressive matrices-38). They are, therefore, a rather selected group of recidivists, a factor to be considered in assessing the results of their study","year":"1968","unstructured":"Population Studies. The first group of studies to examine are those in which there has been no height restriction in the selection of males for examination (Table VIII). These range from those of livebom male children and randomly selected adult males from the ordinary population to those in the Scottish maximum security hospital, in a specialized prison for recidivists, and to males of all ages in one large mental subnormality hospital. Information on the study of the specialized prison for recidivists has recently been published (Bartlett et al., 1968). The men in this particular prison are largely recidivists with severe personality disorders, who have voluntarily been transferred from other prisons and are of generally good intelligence (mean score on Raven's progressive matrices-38). They are, therefore, a rather selected group of recidivists, a factor to be considered in assessing the results of their study."},{"key":"ref_72","article-title":"personal communication)","author":"Jacobs","year":"1968","unstructured":"Jacobs et al. (1968) Casey et al. (1966a) Thompson (1967 personal communication) Welch et al. (1967)","journal-title":"Casey et al"},{"key":"ref_73","article-title":"Unpublished Edinburgh data Goodman and Smith","year":"1967","unstructured":"Unpublished Edinburgh data Goodman and Smith (1967)"},{"key":"ref_74","article-title":"Goodman (personal communication) Griffiths and Zaremba","author":"Casey et al.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Goodman (personal communication) Griffiths and Zaremba (1967) Casey et al. (1966a) Wiener et al. (1968) and Bartholomew (1968, personal communication) Hunter (1968) Unpublished Edinburgh data Close, Goonetilleke, and Jacobs (1968) Unpublished Edinburgh data Casey et al. (1966a) Unpublished Edinburgh data","journal-title":"Casey et al. (1966a) Wiener et al. (1968) and Bartholomew; personal communication) Hunter"},{"key":"ref_75","article-title":"There are a number of points to make about the data in Table IX. The studies referred to are those in which the selection of males for examination has been limited by their stature. Most of the studies are of men of 183 cm., but Welch, Borgaonkar, and Herr (1967), studied men of 188 cm. or more, Goodman and","author":"or more, and Wiener et al.","year":"1967","unstructured":"There are a number of points to make about the data in Table IX. The studies referred to are those in which the selection of males for examination has been limited by their stature. Most of the studies are of men of 183 cm., but Welch, Borgaonkar, and Herr (1967), studied men of 188 cm. or more, Goodman and Smith (1967) men of 185 5 cm. or more, and Wiener et al. (1968) men of","journal-title":"Smith; men of 185 5 cm"},{"key":"ref_76","article-title":"XYY karyotype in a case of familial hypogonadism","author":"Balodimos, M.; Lisco, H.; Irwin, I.; Merrill, W.; Dingman, J.F.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Balodimos, M., Lisco, H., Irwin, I., Merrill, W., and Dingman, J. F. (1966). XYY karyotype in a case of familial hypogonadism. J."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"34","article-title":"Correlations between sex chromatin and sex chromosomes","volume":"6","author":"Barr, M.L.; Carr, D.H.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Barr, M. L., and Carr, D. H. (1962). Correlations between sex chromatin and sex chromosomes. Acta cytol. (Philad.), 6, 34.","journal-title":"Acta cytol. (Philad.)"},{"key":"ref_78","article-title":"An unusual sex chromatin pattern in three mentally deficient subjects","author":"Barr, M.L.; Carr, D.H.; Shaver, E.L.; Carr, D.H.; Plunkett, E.R.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Barr, M. L., and Carr, D. H., Shaver, E. L., Carr, D. H., and Plunkett, E. R. (1959). An unusual sex chromatin pattern in three mentally deficient subjects."},{"key":"ref_79","article-title":"The chromatin-positive","unstructured":"The chromatin-positive"},{"key":"ref_80","author":"Bartlett, D.J.; Hurley, W.P.; Brand, C.R.; Poole, E.W.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bartlett, D. J., Hurley, W. P., Brand, C. R., and Poole, E. W. (1968)."},{"key":"ref_81","author":"Bertrand, C.M.; de Grouchy, J.; Blondet, P.; Royer, P.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Bertrand, C. M., de Grouchy, J., Blondet, P., and Royer, P. (1964)."},{"key":"ref_82","year":"1963","unstructured":"Breg, W. R., Castilla, E. E., Miller, 0. J., and Cornwell, J. G. (1963)."},{"key":"ref_83","author":"Casey, M.D.; Blank, C.E.; Street, D.R.K.; Segall, L.J.; McDougall, J.H.; McGrath, P.J.; Skinner, J.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Casey, M. D., Blank, C. E., Street, D. R. K., Segall, L. J., McDougall, J. H., McGrath, P. J., and Skinner, J. L (1966a).","journal-title":"L"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/209641a0","article-title":"Sex chromosome abnormalities in two state hospitals for patients requiring special security","volume":"209","author":"Segall, L.J.; Street, D.R.K.; Blank, C.E.","year":"1966","unstructured":"-, Segall, L. J., Street, D. R. K., and Blank, C. E. (1966b). Sex chromosome abnormalities in two state hospitals for patients requiring special security. Nature (Lond.), 209, 641.","journal-title":"Nature (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000129991","article-title":"The incidence of sex chromosomal abnormalities in mentally subnormal males","volume":"7","author":"Close, H.G.; Goonetilleke, A.S.R.; Jacobs, P.A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Close, H. G., Goonetilleke, A. S. R., and Jacobs, P. A. (1968). The incidence of sex chromosomal abnormalities in mentally subnormal males. Cytogenetics, 7, 277.","journal-title":"Cytogenetics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)90378-1","article-title":"Sex chromosomes and the law","volume":"2","author":"Court Brown, W.M.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Court Brown, W. M. (1962). Sex chromosomes and the law. Lancet, 2, 508.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"5","article-title":"Humant Population Cytogenetics. North-Holland Research Monographs","volume":"Volume","author":"Court Brown, W.M.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Court Brown, W. M. (1967). Humant Population Cytogenetics. North-Holland Research Monographs. Frontiers of Biology, Volume 5. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.","journal-title":"Frontiers of Biology"},{"key":"ref_88","article-title":"Sex chromosome aneuploidy in man, its frequency special with reference to mental subnormality and criminal be-","author":"Court Brown, W.M.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Court Brown, W. M. (1968). Sex chromosome aneuploidy in man, its frequency special with reference to mental subnormality and criminal be-"},{"key":"ref_89","volume":"Vol. VII.","author":"haviour, Int","unstructured":"Int. haviour. Rev. exp. Path., Vol. VII.","journal-title":"Rev. exp. Path"},{"key":"ref_90","article-title":"Chromosome Studies Adults","author":"Buckton, K.E.; Jacobs, P.A.; Tough, I.M.; Kuenssberg, E.V.; Knox, J.D.E.","year":"1966","unstructured":"-, Buckton, K. E., Jacobs, P. A., Tough, I. M., Kuenssberg, E. V., and Knox, J. D. E. (1966). Chromosome Studies Adults."},{"key":"ref_91","article-title":"Abnormalities of the sex chromosome complement man","volume":"305","author":"Harnden, D.G.; Jacobs, P.A.; Maclean, N.; Mantle, J.","year":"1964","unstructured":"-, Harnden, D. G., Jacobs, P. A., Maclean, N., and Mantle, J. (1964). Abnormalities of the sex chromosome complement man. Spec. Rep. Ser. med. Res. Coun. (Lond.), No. 305.","journal-title":"Spec. Rep. Ser. med. Res. Coun. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_92","article-title":"Further information","author":"Harnden, D.G.; Jacobs, P.A.; Maclean, N.; Mantle, J.; Harnden, D.G.; Jacobs, P.A.; Maclean, N.; Mantle, J.; Harnden, D.G.; Jacobs, P.A.; Maclean, N.; Mantle, J.; Price, W.H.; Jacobs, P.A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"-, Harnden, D. G., Jacobs, P. A., Maclean, N., and Mantle, J., Harnden, D. G., Jacobs, P. A., Maclean, N., and Mantle, J., Harnden, D. G., Jacobs, P. A., Maclean, N., and Mantle, J., Price, W. H., and Jacobs, P. A. (1968). Further information"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"748","article-title":"XYY constitution in prepubertal child","volume":"1","author":"Cowie, J.; Kahn, J.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cowie, J., and Kahn, J. (1968). XYY constitution in prepubertal child. ibid., 1, 748.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_94","author":"Dent, T.; Edwards, J.H.; Delhanty, J.D.A.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Dent, T., Edwards, J. H., and Delhanty, J. D. A. (1963)."},{"key":"ref_95","author":"Dunn, H.G.; Ford, D.K.; Auersperg, N.; Miller, J.R.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Dunn, H. G., Ford, D. K., Auersperg, N., and Miller, J. R. (1961)."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)91684-2","article-title":"Chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndrome (primary microrchidism) in a mental-deficiency hospital","volume":"1","author":"Ferguson-Smith, M.A.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ferguson-Smith, M. A. (1958). Chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndrome (primary microrchidism) in a mental-deficiency hospital. Lancet, 1, 928.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_97","author":"Forsberg, J.G.; Hall, B.; Ryden, A.B.V.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Forsberg, J. G., Hall, B., and Ryden, A. B. V. (1965)."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)91814-4","article-title":"Epilepsy in an XYY man","volume":"1","author":"Forssman, H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Forssman, H. (1967). Epilepsy in an XYY man. Lancet, 1, 1389.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Incidence of syndrome among mental patients","volume":"1","author":"-, Klinefelter's; Hambert, G","year":"1963","unstructured":"Klinefelter's -,and Hambert, G. (1963). Incidence of syndrome among mental patients. ibid., 1, 1327.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_100","author":"Fraccaro, M.; Davies, P.; Bott, M.G.; Schutt, W.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Fraccaro, M., Davies, P., Bott, M. G., and Schutt, W. (1962)."},{"key":"ref_101","article-title":"Male pseu-","author":"Franks, R.C.; Bunting, K.W.; Engel, E.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Franks, R. C., Bunting, K. W., and Engel, E. (1967). Male pseu-"},{"key":"ref_102","author":"Goodman, S.; M., R.; Smith, W.","year":"1967","unstructured":"S. Goodman, R. M., and Smith, W. (1967)."},{"key":"ref_103","article-title":"Crime and sex chromo-","author":"Griffiths, A.W.; Zaremba, J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Griffiths, A. W., and Zaremba, J. (1967). Crime and sex chromo-"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"25","article-title":"Syndrome de Turner et caryotype 47 chromosomes","volume":"6","author":"a","year":"1963","unstructured":"a (1963). Syndrome de Turner et caryotype 47 chromosomes. Ann. Genet., 6, 25.","journal-title":"Ann. Genet"},{"key":"ref_105","article-title":"Males with positive sex chromatin. Report from Psychiatric Research","author":"Hambert, G.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hambert, G. (1966). Males with positive sex chromatin. Report from Psychiatric Research Centre, St. Jorgen's Hospital, University of G6teberg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_106","article-title":"An XYY man with progeny indicating","author":"Hauschka, T.S.; Hasson, J.E.; Goldstein, M.N.; Koepf, G.F.; Sandberg, A.A.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hauschka, T. S., Hasson, J. E., Goldstein, M. N., Koepf, G. F., and Sandberg, A. A. (1962). An XYY man with progeny indicating"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)91908-5","article-title":"Chromosomal trisomy associated with the Sturge-Weber syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Hayward, M.D.; Bower, B.D.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hayward, M. D., and Bower, B. D. (1960). Chromosomal trisomy associated with the Sturge-Weber syndrome. Lancet, 2, 844.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"495","key":"ref_108","article-title":"Psychological characteristics associated with XYY sex chromosome complement psychiat. in a State mental hospital","volume":"113","author":"Hope, K.; Philip, A.E.; Loughran, J.M.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hope, K., Philip, A. E., and Loughran, J. M. (1967). Psychological characteristics associated with XYY sex chromosome complement psychiat. in a State mental hospital. Brit. J. Soc. Work, 113,495.","journal-title":"Brit. J. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92254-X","article-title":"Chromatin-positive and XYY boys in approved schools","volume":"1","author":"Hunter, H.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hunter, H. (1968). Chromatin-positive and XYY boys in approved schools. Lancet, 1, 816.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"262","key":"ref_110","article-title":"An XYY chromosome pattern in a boy with Marfan's syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Hustinx, T.W.J.; van Olphen, A.H.F.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hustinx, T. W. J., and van Olphen, A. H. F. (1963). An XYY chromosome pattern in a boy with Marfan's syndrome. Genetica, 34,262.","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref_111","article-title":"Aggressive behaviour, mental sub-","author":"Brittain, Jacobs; A., P.; Brunton, M.; Melville, M.M.; P., R.; McClemont, W.F.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Brittain, Jacobs, P. A., Brunton, M., Melville, M. M., R. P., and McClemont, W. F. (1965). Aggressive behaviour, mental sub-"},{"key":"ref_112","author":"Harnden, D.G.; Buckton, K.E.; Court Brown, W.M.; King, M.J.; McBride, J.A.; MacGregor, T.N.; Maclean, N.","year":"1961","unstructured":", Harnden, D. G., Buckton, K. E., Court Brown, W. M., King, M. J., McBride, J. A., MacGregor, T. N., and Maclean, N. (1961)."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1968.tb00566.x","article-title":"Chromysome studies on men in a maximum security hospital","volume":"31","year":"1968","unstructured":"Brittain, -, Price, W. H., Court Brown, W. M., Whatmore, P. B. (1968). Chromysome studies on men in a maximum security hospital. Ann. hum. Genet., 31, 339.","journal-title":"Ann. hum. Genet"},{"key":"ref_114","author":"Kelly, S.; Almy, R.; Barnard, M.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kelly, S., Almy, R., and Barnard, M. (1967). Another XYY","journal-title":"Another XYY"},{"key":"ref_115","article-title":"Karvotype, Heiosis and Spermatogenesis in a Sample of Men Attending an Infertility Clinic. Monographs in S","volume":"2","author":"Kjessler, B.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kjessler, B. (1966). Karvotype, Heiosis and Spermatogenesis in a Sample of Men Attending an Infertility Clinic. Monographs in S. Human Genetics, Vol. 2.","journal-title":"Human Genetics"},{"key":"ref_116","author":"Kosenow, W.; Pfeiffer, R.A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kosenow, W., and Pfeiffer, R. A. (1966)."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"24","volume":"115","author":"Mschr, Y.Y.-syndrom","unstructured":"YY-syndrom. Mschr. Kinderheilk, 115, 24.","journal-title":"Kinderheilk"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"645","volume":"1","author":"Leff, J.P.; Scott, P.D.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Leff, J. P., and Scott, P. D. (1968). XYY and intelligence. Lancet, 1, 645.","journal-title":"XYY and intelligence. Lancet"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"69","article-title":"Chromosome studies on testicular cells from 50 subfertile men","volume":"2","author":"Mcllree, M.E.; Price, W.H.; Court Brown, W.M.; Tulloch, W.S.; Newsam, J.E.; Maclean, N.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mcllree, M. E., Price, W. H., Court Brown, W. M., Tulloch, W. S., Newsam, J. E., and Maclean, N. (1966). Chromosome studies on testicular cells from 50 subfertile men. ibid., 2, 69.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"293","article-title":"A survey of sex-chromosome abnormalities among 4514 mental defectives","volume":"1","author":"Maclean, N.; Mitchell, J.M.; Harnden, D.G.; Williams, J.; Jacobs, P.A.; Buckton, K.A.; Baikie, A.G.; Court Brown, W.M.; McBride, J.A.; Strong, J.A.; Close, H.G.; Jones, D.C.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Maclean, N., Mitchell, J. M., Harnden, D. G., Williams, J., Jacobs, P. A., Buckton, K. A., Baikie, A. G., Court Brown, W. M., McBride, J. A., Strong, J. A., Close, H. G., and Jones, D. C. (1962). A survey of sex-chromosome abnormalities among 4514 mental defectives. ibid., 1, 293.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_121","article-title":"Baiat cu hipospadias, i cariotip XYY","author":"Milcu, St M.; Negoescu, I.; Maximilian, C.; Garoiu, M.; Augustin, M.; Iliescu, I.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Milcu, St. M., Negoescu, I., Maximilian, C., Garoiu, M., Augustin, M., and Iliescu, I. (1964). Baiat cu hipospadias,i cariotip XYY."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"753","article-title":"Hypopuberisme simple et luxation bilat6rale des coudes avec aberration chromosomique. (Presence d'un petit acrocentrique supplementaire)","volume":"42","author":"Mirouze, J.; Emberger, J.M.; Jaffiol, C.; Orsetti, A.; Meynadier, J.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mirouze, J., Emberger, J. M., Jaffiol, C., Orsetti, A., and Meynadier, J. (1966). Hypopuberisme simple et luxation bilat6rale des coudes avec aberration chromosomique. (Presence d'un petit acrocentrique supplementaire). Sem. H6p. Paris, 42, 753.","journal-title":"Sem. H6p. Paris"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"215","article-title":"Polisomia gonosomica XYY","volume":"13","author":"Montero, E.; Duran, I.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Montero, E., and Duran, I. (1965). Polisomia gonosomica XYY. An. Desarrollo, 13, 215.","journal-title":"An. Desarrollo"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.25.2.291","article-title":"The frequency of the positive sex-chromatin pattern in males with mental deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Mosier, H.D.; Scott, L.W.; Cotter, L.H.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Mosier, H. D., Scott, L. W., and Cotter, L. H. (1960). The frequency of the positive sex-chromatin pattern in males with mental deficiency. Pediatrics, 25, 291.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1966.tb02892.x","article-title":"Psychopathology and testis histology in a patient with the XYY syndrome","volume":"180","author":"Nielson, J.; Christensen, A.L.; Johnsen, S.G.; Fr0land, A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Nielson, J., Christensen, A. L., Johnsen, S. G., and Fr0land, A. (1966). Psychopathology and testis histology in a patient with the XYY syndrome. Acta med. scand., 180, 747.","journal-title":"Acta med. scand"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"239","article-title":"An XYY man and his relatives","volume":"11","author":"Persson, T.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Persson, T. (1967). An XYY man and his relatives. 7. ment. Defic. Res., 11, 239.","journal-title":"7. ment. Defic. Res"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"565","article-title":"Criminal patients with XYY sex-chromosome complement","volume":"1","author":"Price, W.H.; Strong, J.A.; Whatmore, P.B.; McClemont, W.F.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Price, W. H., Strong, J. A., Whatmore, P. B., and McClemont, W. F. (1966). Criminal patients with XYY sex-chromosome complement. Lancet, 1, 565.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"533","article-title":"Behaviour disorders and pattern of crime among XYY males identified at a maximum security hospital","volume":"1","author":"Price, W.H.; Strong, J.A.; Whatmore, P.B.; McClemont, W.F.; Whatmore, P.B.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Price, W. H., Strong, J. A., Whatmore, P. B., and McClemont, W. F., and Whatmore, P. B. (1967a). Behaviour disorders and pattern of crime among XYY males identified at a maximum security hospital. Brit. med. J., 1, 533. -, and - (1967b). Criminal behaviour and the XYY male. Nature (Lond.), 213, 815.","journal-title":"Brit. med. J; -, and -; Criminal behaviour and the XYY male"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91548-X","article-title":"An XYY human male","volume":"1","author":"Ricci, N.; Malacarne, P.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Ricci, N., and Malacarne, P. (1964). An XYY human male. Lancet, 1, 721.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"984","article-title":"The YY syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Richards, B.W.; Stewart, A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Richards, B. W., and Stewart, A. (1966). The YY syndrome. ibid., 1, 984.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_131","article-title":"XYY genotype: Report of a case in a male","author":"Sandberg, A.A.; Ishihara, T.; Crosswhite, L.H.; Koepf, G.F.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Sandberg, A. A., Ishihara, T., Crosswhite, L. H., and Koepf, G. F. (1963). XYY genotype: Report of a case in a male. New Engl."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"488","article-title":"An XYY human male","volume":"2","author":"Koepf, G.F.; Ishihara, T.; Hauschka, T.S.","year":"1961","unstructured":"-, Koepf, G. F., Ishihara, T., and Hauschka, T. S. (1961). An XYY human male. Lancet, 2, 488.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_133","article-title":"A family with balanced Dl-*Cs-translocation carriers and unbalanced offspring","author":"Stalder, G.R.; Buhler, E.M.; Gadola, G.; Widmer, R.; Freuler, F.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Stalder, G. R., Buhler, E. M., Gadola, G., Widmer, R., and Freuler, F. (1964). A family with balanced Dl-*Cs-translocation carriers and unbalanced offspring. Humangenetik., 1, 197.","journal-title":"Humangenetik"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.41.219.454","article-title":"Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity","volume":"41","author":"Tanner, J.M.; Whitehouse, R.H.; Takaishi, M.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Tanner, J. M., Whitehouse, R. H., and Takaishi, M. (1966). Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. Arch. Dis. Childh., 41, 454 and 613.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Childh"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"831","article-title":"Reproduction and meiosis in XYY","volume":"2","author":"Thompson, H.; Melnyk, J.; Hecht, F.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Thompson, H., Melnyk, J., and Hecht, F. (1967). Reproduction and meiosis in XYY. ibid., 2, 831.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref_136","article-title":"Trisomy for chromosome 22","volume":"2","author":"Turner, B.; Jennings, A.N.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Turner, B., and Jennings, A. N. (1961). Trisomy for chromosome 22. ibid., 2,49.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Chromosomal abnormalities in idiopathic osteoarthropathy","volume":"1","author":"Tzoneva-Maneva, M.T.; Bosajieva, E.; Petrov, B.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Tzoneva-Maneva, M. T., Bosajieva, E., and Petrov, B. (1966). Chromosomal abnormalities in idiopathic osteoarthropathy. ibid., 1, 1000.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"284","article-title":"DermatOglyphics associated with the XXYY chromosome complement","volume":"16","author":"Uchida, I.A.; Miller, J.R.; Soltan, H.C.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Uchida, I. A., Miller, J. R., and Soltan, H. C. (1964). DermatOglyphics associated with the XXYY chromosome complement. Amer. 7. hum. Genet., 16, 284.","journal-title":"Amer"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(66)80338-4","article-title":"21-trisomy with an XYY sex chromosome complement","volume":"69","author":"Uchida, I.A.; Miller, J.R.; Soltan, H.C.; Ray, M.; Duncan, B.P.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Uchida, I. A., Miller, J. R., and Soltan, H. C., Ray, M., and Duncan, B. P. (1966). 21-trisomy with an XYY sex chromosome complement. Pediat., 69, 295.","journal-title":"Pediat"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91201-8","article-title":"21-trisomy and XYY","volume":"1","author":"Verresen, H.; van den Berghe, H.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Verresen, H., and van den Berghe, H. (1965). 21-trisomy and XYY. Lancet, 1, 609.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"588","article-title":"XYY chromosomal constitution with genital abnormality","volume":"2","author":"Vignetti, P.; Capotorti, L.; Ferrante, E.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Vignetti, P., Capotorti, L., and Ferrante, E. (1964). XYY chromosomal constitution with genital abnormality. ibid., 2, 588.","journal-title":"ibid"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/214500a0","article-title":"Psychopathy, mental deficiency, aggressiveness and the XYY syndrome","volume":"214","author":"Welch, J.P.; Borgaonkar, D.S.; Herr, H.M.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Welch, J. P., Borgaonkar, D. S., and Herr, H. M. (1967). Psychopathy, mental deficiency, aggressiveness and the XYY syndrome. Nature (Lond.), 214, 500.","journal-title":"Nature (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"150","article-title":"XYY males in a Melbourne prison","volume":"1","author":"Wiener, S.; Sutherland, G.; Bartholomew, A.A.; Hudson, B.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Wiener, S., Sutherland, G., Bartholomew, A. A., and Hudson, B. (1968). XYY males in a Melbourne prison. Lancet, 1, 150.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"1156","article-title":"The YY syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Wilton, E.; Lever, A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Wilton, E., and Lever, A. (1966). The YY syndrome. ibid., 1, 1156., and (1967). XYY male. S.Afr. med.J., 41,284.","journal-title":"ibid; XYY male"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jmg.5.4.341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T18:48:57Z","timestamp":1759690137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jmg.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jmg.5.4.341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1968,12]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1968,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jmg.5.4.341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.5.4.341","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2593","1468-6244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2593","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-6244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1968,12]]}}}