{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:01:47Z","timestamp":1785801707892,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J NeuroIntervent Surg"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common primary ocular malignancy of childhood. Left untreated, it is 100% fatal and carries a substantial risk of impaired vision and removal of one or both eyes. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) has become a pillar in the treatment paradigm for Rb that allows for better eye salvage and vision preservation without compromising survival. We describe the evolution of our technique over 15 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective chart review was conducted of 571 patients (697 eyes) and 2391 successful IAC sessions over 15 years. This cohort was separated into three 5-year periods (P1, P2, P3) to assess trends in IAC catheterization technique, complications, and drug delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a total of 2402 attempted IAC sessions, there were 2391 successful IAC deliveries, consistent with a 99.5% success rate. The rate of successful super-selective catheterizations over the three periods ranged from 80% in P1 to 84.9% in P2 and 89.2% in P3. Catheterization-related complication rates were 0.7% in P1, 1.1% in P2, and 0.6% in P3. Chemotherapeutics used included combinations of melphalan, topotecan and carboplatin. The rate of patients receiving triple therapy among all groups was 128 (21%) in P1, 487 (41.9%) in P2, and 413 (66.7%) in P3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall rate of successful catheterization and IAC started high and has improved over 15 years, and catheterization-related complications are rare. There has been a significant trend towards triple chemotherapy over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2023-020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T17:20:50Z","timestamp":1684344050000},"page":"398-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Advancements in super-selective catheterization and drug selection for intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a 15-year evolution"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Kocharian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y 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