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Characterisation of cortical hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and altered motor cortical function in frontotemporal dementia, demonstration of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease are key examples where TMS has led to advances in understanding of disease pathophysiology and potential mechanisms of propagation, with the potential for diagnostic applications. In stroke, TMS methodology has facilitated the understanding of cortical reorganisation that underlie functional recovery. These insights are critical to the development of effective and targeted rehabilitation strategies in stroke. The present review will provide an overview of cortical function measures obtained using TMS and how such measures may provide insight into brain function. Through an improved understanding of cortical function across a range of neurodegenerative disorders, and identification of changes in neural structure and function associated with stroke that underlie clinical recovery, more targeted therapeutic approaches may now be developed in an evolving era of precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T16:25:24Z","timestamp":1528129524000},"page":"47-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Interrogating cortical function with transcranial magnetic stimulation: insights from neurodegenerative disease and stroke"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Smriti","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Argye E","family":"Hillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6504-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick S","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Vucic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90670-5","article-title":"SCOPE OF A TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND MUSCLE","volume":"320","author":"Merton","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92413-4","article-title":"NON-INVASIVE MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF HUMAN MOTOR CORTEX","volume":"325","author":"Barker","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35018000"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/35\/8\/008"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.335848"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.07.008","article-title":"I-wave origin and modulation","volume":"5","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.07.004","article-title":"State of the art: Physiology of transcranial motor cortex stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200007000-00005"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1441"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00077-8"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2020050722322339000_90.1.47.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormick D . 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