{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:26:19Z","timestamp":1793744779693,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MO 2397\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO 2397\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["091593\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091593\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Horizon2020","award":["agreement no. 681094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["agreement no. 681094"]}]},{"name":"ERA-NET NEURON","award":["01EW1711A and B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1711A and B"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001708","name":"International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRP-P158 and IRP-P184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRP-P158 and IRP-P184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008191","name":"Wings for Life","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WFL-CH-007\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFL-CH-007\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union's Seventh Framework Programme","award":["ERC grant agreement n\u00b0 616905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC grant agreement n\u00b0 616905"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship","award":["MSCA-IF-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSCA-IF-2015"]}]},{"name":"SNF Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship","award":["PCEFP3_181362 \/ 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCEFP3_181362 \/ 1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury produce neurodegeneration across the entire neuraxis. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of spinal cord grey and white matter neurodegeneration above and below the injury is understudied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We acquired longitudinal data from 13 traumatic and 3 non-traumatic spinal cord injury patients (8\u20138 cervical and thoracic cord injuries) within 1.5 years after injury and 10 healthy controls over the same period. The protocol encompassed structural and diffusion-weighted MRI rostral (C2\/C3) and caudal (lumbar enlargement) to the injury level to track tissue-specific neurodegeneration. Regression models assessed group differences in the temporal evolution of tissue-specific changes and associations with clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 2 months post-injury, white matter area was decreased by 8.5% and grey matter by 15.9% in the lumbar enlargement, while at C2\/C3 only white matter was decreased (\u22129.7%). Patients had decreased cervical fractional anisotropy (FA: \u221211.3%) and increased radial diffusivity (+20.5%) in the dorsal column, while FA was lower in the lateral (\u221210.3%) and ventral columns (\u22129.7%) of the lumbar enlargement. White matter decreased by 0.34% and 0.35% per month at C2\/C3 and lumbar enlargement, respectively, and grey matter decreased at C2\/C3 by 0.70% per month.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of tissue-specific spinal cord neurodegeneration above and below a spinal cord injury. While above the injury, grey matter atrophy lagged initially behind white matter neurodegeneration, in the lumbar enlargement these processes progressed in parallel. Tracking trajectories of tissue-specific neurodegeneration provides valuable assessment tools for monitoring recovery and treatment effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T17:34:59Z","timestamp":1627925699000},"page":"1222-1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Longitudinal changes of spinal cord grey and white matter following spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9379-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gergely","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Pfyffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Vallotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Pfender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Weiskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siawoosh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Curt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4851-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000202600.72018.39"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2793","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007642","article-title":"Width and neurophysiologic properties of tissue bridges predict recovery after cervical injury","volume":"92","author":"Vallotton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24932"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008318"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00999"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100807"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70146-7"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.211177","article-title":"Spinal cord injury drives chronic brain changes","volume":"12","author":"Jure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24508","article-title":"Tracking sensory system atrophy and outcome prediction in spinal cord injury","volume":"78","author":"Grabher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5522","article-title":"Progressive ventricles enlargement and cerebrospinal fluid volume increases as a marker of neurodegeneration in patients with spinal cord injury: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"35","author":"Seif","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0034-4"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35067570"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.209"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh001"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1510","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005361","article-title":"Dorsal and ventral horn atrophy is associated with clinical outcome after spinal cord injury","volume":"90","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1367","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007137","article-title":"In vivo evidence of remote neural degeneration in the lumbar enlargement after cervical injury","volume":"92","author":"David","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1257","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005258","article-title":"Progressive neurodegeneration following spinal cord injury","volume":"90","author":"Ziegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105544"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00197"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.121"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.058"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22501"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.051."},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.051","article-title":"The efficiency of retrospective artifact correction methods in improving the statistical power of between-group differences in spinal cord DTI","volume":"158","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.009."},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.040","article-title":"White matter atlas of the human spinal cord with estimation of partial volume effect","volume":"119","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.04.001"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/096382801750110919"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.029"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1267"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20774"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00045.2006"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1996.76.2.319","article-title":"Degeneration and regeneration of axons in the lesioned spinal cord","volume":"76","author":"Schwab","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320939569","article-title":"Acute traumatic and ischemic spinal cord injuries have a comparable course of recovery","volume":"34","author":"Scivoletto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023050404000668000_92.11.1222.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.010","article-title":"Spinal cord grey matter segmentation challenge","volume":"152","author":"Prados","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T11:01:29Z","timestamp":1683198089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326337","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050","1468-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]}}}