{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:54:34Z","timestamp":1793404474298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a common manifestation of functional neurological disorder presenting with diverse phenotypes such as tremor, weakness and gait disorder. Our current understanding of the basic epidemiological features of this condition is unclear. We aimed to describe and examine the relationship between age at onset, phenotype and gender in FMD in a large meta-analysis of published and unpublished individual patient cases. An electronic search of PubMed was conducted for studies from 1968 to 2019 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Individual patient data were collected through a research network. We described the distribution of age of onset and how this varied by gender and motor phenotype. A one-stage meta-analysis was performed using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression, including random intercepts for country and data source. A total of 4905 individual cases were analysed (72.6% woman). The mean age at onset was 39.6 years (SD 16.1). Women had a significantly earlier age of onset than men (39.1\u2009years vs 41.0\u2009years). Mixed FMD (23.1%), tremor (21.6%) and weakness (18.1%) were the most common phenotypes. Compared with tremor (40.7\u2009years), the mean ages at onset of dystonia (34.5\u2009years) and weakness (36.4\u2009years) were significantly younger, while gait disorders (43.2\u2009years) had a significantly later age at onset. The interaction between gender and phenotype was not significant. FMD peaks in midlife with varying effects of gender on age at onset and phenotype. The data gives some support to \u2018lumping\u2019 FMD as a unitary disorder but also highlights the value in \u2018splitting\u2019 into individual phenotypes where relevant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T13:20:34Z","timestamp":1645795234000},"page":"609-616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Functional movement disorder gender, age and phenotype study: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of 4905 cases"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0147-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Lidstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Costa-Parke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3260-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Ercoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023052906053220000_93.6.609.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1264","article-title":"Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders","volume":"75","author":"Espay","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2023052906053220000_93.6.609.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13077","article-title":"Clinical correlates of functional motor disorders: an Italian multicenter study","volume":"7","author":"Tinazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2023052906053220000_93.6.609.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13226","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities in functional movement disorders: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Macchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2023052906053220000_93.6.609.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3753","article-title":"Assessment of emergency department and inpatient use and costs in adult and pediatric functional neurological disorders","volume":"78","author":"Stephen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2023052906053220000_93.6.609.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcin B , Villain N , Mesrati F . 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