{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:19:17Z","timestamp":1792840757177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009429","name":"NRSA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F32 AG069445-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32 AG069445-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["P20NS123151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20NS123151"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01NS100849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS100849"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive dysfunction is a major feature of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), but the pathophysiology remains unknown. One potential mechanism is abnormal low-frequency cortical rhythms which engage cognitive functions and are deficient in PD. We tested the hypothesis that mid-frontal delta\/theta rhythms predict cognitive dysfunction in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 100 patients with PD and 49 demographically similar control participants who completed a series of cognitive control tasks, including the Simon, oddball and interval-timing tasks. We focused on cue-evoked delta (1\u20134\u2009Hz) and theta (4\u20137\u2009Hz) rhythms from a single mid-frontal EEG electrode (cranial vertex (Cz)) in patients with PD who were either cognitively normal, with mild-cognitive impairments (Parkinson\u2019s disease with mild-cognitive impairment) or had dementia (Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that PD-related cognitive dysfunction was associated with increased response latencies and decreased mid-frontal delta power across all tasks. Within patients with PD, the first principal component of evoked electroencephalography features from a single electrode (Cz) strongly correlated with clinical metrics such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (r=0.34) and with National Institutes of Health Toolbox Executive Function score (r=0.46).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data demonstrate that cue-evoked mid-frontal delta\/theta rhythms directly relate to cognition in PD. Our results provide insight into the nature of low-frequency frontal rhythms and suggest that PD-related cognitive dysfunction results from decreased delta\/theta activity. These findings could facilitate the development of new biomarkers and targeted therapies for cognitive symptoms of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T13:21:10Z","timestamp":1685625670000},"page":"945-953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Evoked mid-frontal activity predicts cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4273-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel C","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo I","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan R","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0427-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandakumar S","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101202051489000_94.11.945.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan NS , Albin RL . 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