{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:30:07Z","timestamp":1788366607290,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018J01121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Health Committee of Shanghai","award":["LHDMZ24H050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHDMZ24H050001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LHDMZ24H050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHDMZ24H050001"]}]},{"name":"Medical Discipline Construction Project of Pudong","award":["PWYts2021-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PWYts2021-18"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82074166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82074166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017686","name":"Fujian Provincial Health Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020GGA026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GGA026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease (EOPD) is an increasingly serious disorder, yet there is currently a scarcity of epidemiological data and reports on this disease worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By using data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study, we analysed the number of incident cases, prevalent cases and years lived with disability (YLDs) for EOPD (diagnosis after the age of 20 years and before the age of 50 years) from 1990 to 2021, along with their corresponding age-standardised rates. Additionally, we calculated the average annual percent change of the age-standardised rates and analysed the negative correlation between smoking and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) burden for EOPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, the incidence, prevalence and YLDs associated with EOPD have tripled globally. Most countries have seen a consistent increase in the age-standardised incidence and prevalence rates of this disease, especially those with high-middle Socio-Demographic Index scores. In 2021, smoking contributed to a 9.03% decrease in the global burden of DALYs, a decline from \u221214.14% in 1990.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EOPD is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, necessitating the attention of global health organisations and the implementation of effective intervention measures to address this serious challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-335535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T17:20:35Z","timestamp":1758216035000},"page":"33-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Global burden of early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7983-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwei","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Management, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifan","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lumin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaozhan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated 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