{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:18:06Z","timestamp":1793812686638,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA49449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA49449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 CA186107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 CA186107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-019735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-019735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimators of biological age, such as epigenetic clocks, are promising biomarkers for neurological disorders where the risk significantly increases with age, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate whether epigenetic age acceleration can predict PD risk, age at PD onset and time to phenoconversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective, nested case-control study within the Nurses\u2019 Health Study, including participants who provided two blood samples before being diagnosed with PD. DNA methylation profiles were obtained from 75 individuals who developed PD, 79 individuals who developed prodromal features suggestive of PD and 154 age-matched controls. We estimated epigenetic age acceleration using six different epigenetic clocks (Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, GrimAge, DunedinPACE and the cortical epigenetic clock) and assessed their associations with PD risk, age at PD onset and time to PD onset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epigenetic age acceleration was not consistently associated with a higher PD risk, using estimates of biological ageing neither in the first sample (collected a median of 19 years before PD onset) nor in the second sample (collected a median of 8 years before PD onset). These results remained similar in multivariable models adjusted for smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, caffeine intake, alcohol intake and Mediterranean diet score. Furthermore, epigenetic age acceleration was not associated with earlier age at PD onset or time to PD phenoconversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, epigenetic clock-based biomarkers do not reliably predict PD risk, age at PD onset or time to PD phenoconversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-336802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T18:20:27Z","timestamp":1767118827000},"page":"385-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epigenetic ageing and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario H","family":"Flores-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert Y","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schwarzschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ascherio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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