{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:39:03Z","timestamp":1792798743966,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03np4e098","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher vitamin D has consistently been associated with a lower multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, but some controversy remains about whether this is due to vitamin D itself or sunlight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective study among women participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study, recruited in 2002\u20132008 and followed until 2022. We identified incident MS cases through data linkage with the Norwegian MS Registry. Total vitamin D intake from food and supplements was obtained from validated food frequency questionnaires completed in pregnancy. We estimated HRs for MS and 95%\u2009confidence intervals (CI) using Cox regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 78\u2009074 participants, 349 developed MS during follow-up. Their median daily vitamin D intake was 296\u2009international units (IU) compared with 333\u2009IU among women who did not develop MS. Higher total vitamin D intake was associated with a 42% lower MS risk (HR comparing top vs bottom quintile 0.58, 95%\u2009CI 0.38 to 0.89, p\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      &lt;0.01). The results were similar when adjusting for age at delivery, total energy intake, pre-pregnancy body mass index and smoking. The associations were similar for vitamin D intake from food (HR for top vs bottom quintile 0.70, 95%\u2009CI 0.47 to 0.1.04, p\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.02) and supplements (HR for \u2265600\u2009IU\/day vs &lt;200\u2009IU\/day 0.65, 95%\u2009CI 0.41 to 1.04, p\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective study, higher vitamin D intake was associated with lower MS risk in women living in Norway, where there is insufficient sun-induced vitamin D production during most of the year. This supports the hypothesis that vitamin D itself modifies MS risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-337300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:35:23Z","timestamp":1764333323000},"page":"309-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D intake and multiple sclerosis risk in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01817166","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01817166","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Kapali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Kjersti","family":"Daltveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health Registry Research and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell-Morten","family":"Myhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjetil","family":"Bjornevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marte-Helene","family":"Bj\u00f8rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Lise","family":"Brants\u00e6ter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Diets, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9644-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trond","family":"Riise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3665-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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