{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T09:30:48Z","timestamp":1786613448118,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003000","name":"Stichting MS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-1236 MS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-1236 MS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence indicates that B-cell dynamics during ocrelizumab treatment vary among individuals with multiple sclerosis. However, our understanding of B-cell dynamics is incomplete. We aim to characterise temporal profiles of CD19+ B-cell repopulation and identify demographic and clinical predictors of B-cell dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a retrospective multicentre cohort study including people with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab for \u2265180 days from two academic centres. Variables of interest were visualised to explore their associations with CD19+ B-cell count. Generalised linear mixed effect models and logistic mixed effect models were used to identify predictors of CD19+ B-cell counts and early B-cell repopulation (&gt;0.01\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009cells\/L, 150\u2013210\u2009days post infusion). We have explored the patterns of early B-cell repopulation and relapse incidence within these groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      567 participants, contributing 4592 CD19+ B-cell counts, were included. Younger age (\u03b2=\u22120.01, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.02 to \u22120.003), heavier weight (\u03b2=0.02, 95%\u2009CI 0.008 to 0.02), fewer ocrelizumab infusions (\u03b2=\u22120.07, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.08 to \u22120.06) and higher pre-ocrelizumab CD19+ B-cell counts (\u03b2=1.42, 95%\u2009CI 0.82 to 2.03) were associated with higher CD19+ B-cells during treatment. Pre-ocrelizumab CD19+ B-cells were higher in patients previously treated with natalizumab (mean B-cell count 0.57\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009cells\/L (IQR=0.34\u20130.85)) and lower in patients previously receiving sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (mean B-cell count 0.03\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009cells\/L (IQR=0.02\u20130.13)). Early B-cell repopulation was more likely in patients with prior early repopulation (OR=3.00, 95%\u2009CI 1.61 to 5.61). Relapse incidence did not differ between the four patterns of B-cell repopulation dynamics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, weight, cumulative ocrelizumab exposure, pre-ocrelizumab CD19+ B-cell count and prior disease modifying therapy influence CD19+ B-cell repopulation during ocrelizumab treatment. With further elucidation of the association between B-cell dynamics and treatment effectiveness, these findings will help guide dosing of anti-CD20 therapies in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2026-338533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:52:21Z","timestamp":1778579541000},"page":"780-789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of B-cell repopulation in people with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab: insights from two large cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05296161","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1230-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Hogenboom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"CORe, University of Melbourne VCCC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroinfection and -inflammation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"CORe, University of Melbourne VCCC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9845-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Schoof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neuroinfection and -inflammation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"CORe, University of Melbourne VCCC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M","family":"Strijbis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neuroinfection and -inflammation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joep","family":"Killestein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neuroinfection and -inflammation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9557-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00e9 L E","family":"van Kempen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Neuroinfection and -inflammation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3778-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Kalincik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"CORe, University of Melbourne VCCC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izanne","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"CORe, University of Melbourne VCCC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081302150828000_97.9.780.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468"},{"key":"2026081302150828000_97.9.780.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277"},{"key":"2026081302150828000_97.9.780.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27281","article-title":"Effect of Cumulative Exposure to Ocrelizumab on Memory B-Cell Repopulation Dynamics in Multiple 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