{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:52:56Z","timestamp":1784310776709,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"992","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In this review, we intend to explore the often asked question: \u201cDid Mozart have Tourette's syndrome?\u201d Although there are numerous reports attributing Mozart's peculiar personality and behaviour to a spectrum of neurobehavioural disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection, the evidence for any of these disorders is lacking. Whether Mozart's behaviour was nothing more than a reflection of his unique personality or a more complex neurological disorder, aggravated later in life by enormous demands by his father and society, his behaviour has been the subject of many biographies. It will also remain unknown to what extent his accomplishments and failures were shaped by his childhood experiences, pressured lifestyle, and his innate genius and extraordinary talent. Lessons from his life may have important implications for other gifted individuals and savants whose special attributes may lead them to succeed or, on the other hand, suppress their emotional growth and make them more vulnerable to stress and failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.114520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,16]],"date-time":"2007-10-16T17:29:09Z","timestamp":1192555749000},"page":"313-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mozart's movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette's syndrome?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Ashoori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.425","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment","volume":"123","author":"Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra010032","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome","volume":"345","author":"Jankovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.8.1383","article-title":"Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren and association with placement in special education","volume":"57","author":"Kurlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050105","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in special education schools: a United Kingdom study","volume":"244","author":"Eapen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050200","article-title":"Executive functioning in children with autism and Tourette syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Verte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860945915_0016","volume-title":"Neurology of the arts: Painting, music, literature","author":"Keynes","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700026477","article-title":"An idiot savant calendrical calculator with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: Implications for an understanding of the savant syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Moriarty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0040-7","article-title":"Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception","volume":"36","author":"Mottron","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1360.033","article-title":"Structural, functional, and perceptual differences in Heschl's gyrus and musical instrument preference","volume":"1060","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib10","first-page":"128","article-title":"Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic findings of cortical reorganization in the auditory cortex of musicians","volume":"26","author":"Aydin","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl171","article-title":"Music and the brain: Disorders of musical listening","volume":"129","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl234","article-title":"The power of music","volume":"129","author":"Sacks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000976","article-title":"Savant talent","volume":"47","author":"Pring","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1205-108","article-title":"Inside the mind of a savant","volume":"293","author":"Treffert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/096777200000800208","article-title":"Creativity and insanity: The enigmatic medical biography of Nikolai Gogol","volume":"8","author":"Witztum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib16","first-page":"237","article-title":"Way out of tune: lessons from Shine and its expose","volume":"34","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860945915_0003","volume-title":"Neurology of the arts: painting, music, literature","author":"Rose","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1521\/jaap.33.1.3.65879","article-title":"What grounds creativity?","volume":"33","author":"Chessick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib19","volume-title":"The creating brain: the neuroscience of genius","author":"Andreasen","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6178.1610","article-title":"Dr Samuel Johnson's movement disorder","volume":"1","author":"Murray","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib21","volume-title":"Everything in its place: My trials and triumphs with obsessive compulsive disorder","author":"Summers","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib22","volume-title":"Medical and musical byways of mozartiana","author":"Simkin","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib23","volume-title":"Mozart","author":"Solomon","year":"1995"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib24","volume-title":"Mozart: A cultural biography","author":"Gutman","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib25","volume-title":"Mozart and his music","author":"Burk","year":"1959"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib26","volume-title":"The lives of the great composers","author":"Shonberg","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib27","volume-title":"Mozart the real Amadeus","author":"Parouty","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib28"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib29","volume-title":"Mozart in person: his character and health","author":"Davies","year":"1989"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/096777209400200405","article-title":"The personality and illnesses of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","volume":"2","author":"Keynes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6868.1563","article-title":"Mozart's scatological disorder","volume":"305","author":"Simkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib32","volume-title":"Medical and musical byways of mozartiana","author":"Simkin","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib33","volume-title":"Mozart's letters","author":"Anderson","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib34","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Mozart, a documentary biography","author":"Lange","year":"1965"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib35","volume-title":"Mozart, a documentary biography","author":"Deutsch","year":"1965"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib36","first-page":"102","volume-title":"The Mozart compendium","author":"Landon","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.10.017","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of coprolalia in Tourette syndrome using functional mognetic resonance imaging","volume":"28","author":"Gates","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688607900508","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a review","volume":"79","author":"Lawden","year":"1986","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689809101019","article-title":"Weeding Mozart's medical history","volume":"91","author":"Karhausen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib40","volume-title":"Mozart in person: his character and health","author":"Davies","year":"1989"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib41","volume-title":"The letters of Mozart and his family","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","edition":"3rd Edn."},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib42","volume-title":"The letters of Mozart and his family","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","edition":"3rd Edn."},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib43","volume-title":"Mozart: A documentary biography","author":"Deutsch","year":"1966"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib44","volume-title":"Mozart, a documentary biography","author":"Haibel","year":"1965"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib45","volume-title":"Life of Mozart","author":"Jahn","year":"1891"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib46","first-page":"556","volume-title":"Mozart biography","author":"Pichler","year":"1965"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib47","first-page":"50","article-title":"The case for Mozart's affliction with Tourette syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Simkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Conductor Guide"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib48","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib49","volume-title":"The letters of Mozart and his family","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","edition":"3rd Edn."},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2307\/964490","article-title":"Mozart's Manic-depressive tendencies, part I","volume":"128","author":"Davies","year":"1987","journal-title":"Musical Times"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2307\/965420","article-title":"Mozart's manic-depressive tendencies, part II","volume":"128","author":"Davies","year":"1987","journal-title":"Musical Times"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00025-5","article-title":"Bipolar disorder in adult patients with Tourette's syndrome: a clinical study","volume":"43","author":"Berthier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01380.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls","volume":"101","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.18.1.86","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome and the law","volume":"18","author":"Jankovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib55","volume-title":"The Lives of Haydn, Mozart & Metastasio","author":"Stendhal","year":"1972"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib56"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90104-X","article-title":"Genetic factors in substance abuse based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and relatives","volume":"35","author":"Comings","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(00)00105-1","article-title":"Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in alcohol dependence","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860945915_0013","volume-title":"Neurology of the arts: Painting, music, literature","author":"Hughes","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.96.3c.1086","article-title":"A Mozart effect for women on a mental rotations task","volume":"96","author":"Gilleta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/155005949802900301","article-title":"The \u201cMozart effect\u201d on epileptiform activity","volume":"3","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Electroencephalogr"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib62","first-page":"683","article-title":"FMRI study relevant to the Mozart effect: brain areas involved in spatial\u2013temporal reasoning","volume":"23","author":"Bodner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.08.010","article-title":"The influence of Mozart's music on brain activity in the process of learning","volume":"117","author":"Jausovec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500608","article-title":"The occurrence of tics in Asperger syndrome and autistic disorder","volume":"15","author":"Ringman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00933.x","article-title":"Comorbid Asperger and Tourette syndromes with localized mesencephalic, infrathalamic, thalamic, and striatal damage","volume":"45","author":"Berthier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329179900896X","article-title":"The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in children and ado escents with autism: a large scale study","volume":"29","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639308402609","article-title":"Dysfunctional attention in autistic savants","volume":"15","author":"Casey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1159\/000103486","article-title":"Neuro-psychiatric aspects of Huntington's disease","volume":"31","author":"Dewhurst","year":"1969","journal-title":"Confin Neurol"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2058","article-title":"Association between streptococcal infection and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and tic disorder","volume":"116","author":"Mell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.602","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome: a cross sectional study to examine the PANDAS hypothesis","volume":"74","author":"Church","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases","volume":"155","author":"Swedo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041909443687800_bib72"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/84\/992\/313\/50021445\/postgradmedj-84-313.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/84\/992\/313\/50021445\/postgradmedj-84-313.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1681897974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/84\/992\/313\/7023493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"992","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2007.114520","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]}}}