{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1790008360639,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1965,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T15:53:49Z","timestamp":1226332429000},"page":"247-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":518,"title":["Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"W. J.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Possible factors in the development of the Arnold-Chiari malformation","author":"Barry, A.; Patten, B.M.; Stewart, B.H.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Barry, A., Patten, B. M., and Stewart, B. H. (1957). Possible factors in the development of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. J."},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Developmental Disorders of Mentation and Cerebral Palsies. Grune and","author":"Benda, C.E.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Benda, C. E. (1952). Developmental Disorders of Mentation and Cerebral Palsies. Grune and Stratton, New York."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1955.02330080043012","article-title":"Choroid plexus and arterial pulsation of cerebrospinal fluid; demonstration of the choroid plexuses as a cerebrospinal fluid pump","volume":"73","author":"Bering, Jr, E.A.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bering, E. A. Jr. (1955). Choroid plexus and arterial pulsation of cerebrospinal fluid; demonstration of the choroid plexuses as a cerebrospinal fluid pump. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.), 73, 165-172.","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1962.19.5.0405","article-title":"Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement","volume":"19","author":"Bering, Jr, E.A.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bering, E. A. Jr. (1962). Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement. J. Neurosurg., 19, 405-413.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"333","article-title":"Assimilation of atlas and compression of medulla","volume":"12","author":"Bezi, 1","year":"1931","unstructured":"Bezi, 1. (1931). Assimilation of atlas and compression of medulla. Arch. Path., 12, 333-357.","journal-title":"Arch. Path"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730124","article-title":"The Arnold-Chiari and other neuro-anatomical malformations associated with spinal bifida","volume":"73","author":"Cameron, A.H.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Cameron, A. H. (1957). The Arnold-Chiari and other neuro-anatomical malformations associated with spinal bifida. J. Path. Bact., 73, 195-211.","journal-title":"J. Path. Bact"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1206803","article-title":"Ober Veranderungen des Kleinhirns infolge von Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns","volume":"17","author":"Chiari, H.","year":"1891","unstructured":"Chiari, H. (1891). Ober Veranderungen des Kleinhirns infolge von Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 17, 1172-1175.","journal-title":"Dtsch. med. Wschr"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"71","article-title":"Ueber die Veranderungen des Kleinhirns des Pons und der Medulla oblongata in Folge von congenitaler Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns","volume":"63","author":"Chiari, H.","year":"1895","unstructured":"Chiari, H. (1895). Ueber die Veranderungen des Kleinhirns des Pons und der Medulla oblongata in Folge von congenitaler Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns. Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch. Wiern. Mathnaturw. kl., 63, 71-116.","journal-title":"Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch. Wiern. Mathnaturw. kl"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"112","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus due to occlusions of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka","volume":"32","author":"Dandy, W.E.","year":"1921","unstructured":"Dandy, W. E. (1921). The diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus due to occlusions of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka. Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 32, 112-124.","journal-title":"Surg. Gynec. Obstet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-195804000-00008","article-title":"Some observations on the congenital deformity of the central nervous system known as the Arnold-Chiari malformation","volume":"17","author":"Daniel, P.M.; Strich, S.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Daniel, P. M., and Strich, S. J. (1958). Some observations on the congenital deformity of the central nervous system known as the Arnold-Chiari malformation. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol., 17, 255-266.","journal-title":"J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.26.3.118","article-title":"Anatomic anomalies common to myelomeningocele of infancy and syringomyelia of adulthood suggest a common origin","volume":"26","author":"Gardner, W.J.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Gardner, W. J. (1959a). Anatomic anomalies common to myelomeningocele of infancy and syringomyelia of adulthood suggest a common origin. Cleveland Clin. Quart., 26, 118-133.","journal-title":"Cleveland Clin. Quart"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"206","article-title":"Anatomic features common to the Arnold-Chiari and the Dandy-Walker malformations suggest a common origin","volume":"26","author":"Gardner, W.J.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Gardner, W. J. (1959b). Anatomic features common to the Arnold-Chiari and the Dandy-Walker malformations suggest a common origin. Ibid., 26, 206-222.","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1961.00450070003001","article-title":"Rupture of the neural tube: the cause of myelomeningocele","volume":"4","author":"Gardner, W.J.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Gardner, W. J. (1961). Rupture of the neural tube: the cause of myelomeningocele. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.), 4, 1-7.","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. (Chic.)"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.31.1.19","article-title":"Diastematomyelia and Klippel-Feil syndrome; relationship to hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, meningocele, meningomyelocele, and iniencephalus","volume":"31","author":"Gardner, W.J.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Gardner, W. J. (1964). Diastematomyelia and Klippel-Feil syndrome; relationship to hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, meningocele, meningomyelocele, and iniencephalus. Cleveland Clin. Quart., 31, 19-44.","journal-title":"Cleveland Clin. Quart"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1957.14.6.0591","article-title":"The varying expressions of embryonal atresia of fourth ventricle in adults. Arnold-Chiari malformation, Dandy-Walker syndrome, 'arachnoid' cyst of cerebellum, and syringomyelia","volume":"14","author":"Abdullah, A.F.; McCormack, L.J.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Abdullah, A. F., and McCormack, L. J. (1957). The varying expressions of embryonal atresia of fourth ventricle in adults. Arnold-Chiari malformation, Dandy-Walker syndrome, 'arachnoid' cyst of cerebellum, and syringomyelia. J. Neurosurg., 14, 591-607.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1963.00460030075007","article-title":"Cystic brain tumours and the blood-brain barrier","volume":"8","author":"Collis, J. S. Jr.; Lewis, L. A","year":"1963","unstructured":"Collis, J. S. Jr., and Lewis, L. A. (1963). Cystic brain tumours and the blood-brain barrier. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.), 8, 291-298.","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. (Chic.)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1960.17.2.0226","article-title":"Embryonal atresia of the fourth ventricle. The cause of 'arachnoid cyst' of cerebellopontine angle","volume":"17","author":"McCormack, L.J.; Dohn, D.F.","year":"1960","unstructured":"McCormack, L. J., and Dohn, D. F. (1960). Embryonal atresia of the fourth ventricle. The cause of 'arachnoid cyst' of cerebellopontine angle. J. Neurosurg., 17, 226-237.","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"691","article-title":"Experiences with encephalography in cerebellar tumor","volume":"47","author":"McCormack, L.J.; Dohn, D.F.; Nosik, W.A.","year":"1942","unstructured":"McCormack, L. J., and Dohn, D. F. and Nosik, W. A. (1942). Experiences with encephalography in cerebellar tumor. Amer. J. Roentgenol., 47, 691-698.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195406032502202","article-title":"Increased intracranial pressure caused by increased protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid; an explanation of papilledema in certain cases of small intracranial and intraspinal tumors, and in the GuillainBarre syndrome","volume":"250","author":"Spitler, D.K.; Whitten, C.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Spitler, D. K., and Whitten, C. (1954). Increased intracranial pressure caused by increased protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid; an explanation of papilledema in certain cases of small intracranial and intraspinal tumors, and in the GuillainBarre syndrome. New Engl. J. Med., 250, 932-936.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"Neuropathology","author":"Greenfield, J.G.; Blackwood, W.; McMenemey, W.H.; Meyer, A.; Norman, R.M.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Greenfield, J. G., Blackwood, W., McMenemey, W. H., Meyer, A., and Norman, R. M. (1958). Neuropathology. Arnold, London."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1148\/71.5.695","article-title":"The importance of the air shadow of cisterna magna in encephalographic diagnosis","volume":"71","author":"Greenwald, C.M.; Eugenio, M.; Hughes, C.R.; Gardner, W.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Greenwald, C. M., Eugenio, M., Hughes, C. R., and Gardner, W. J. (1958). The importance of the air shadow of cisterna magna in encephalographic diagnosis. Radiology, 71, 695-701.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01879533","article-title":"Ueber Hydromyelus und Syringomyelie","volume":"68","author":"Leyden, E.","year":"1876","unstructured":"Leyden, E. (1876). Ueber Hydromyelus und Syringomyelie. Virchows Arch. path. Anat., 68, 1-26.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. path. Anat"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"138","article-title":"Myeolomalacia and multiple cavitations of spinal cord secondary to adhesive arachnoiditis; experimental study","volume":"57","year":"1954","unstructured":"McLaurin, R. L., Bailey, 0. T., Schurr, P. H., and Ingraham, F. D. (1954). Myeolomalacia and multiple cavitations of spinal cord secondary to adhesive arachnoiditis; experimental study. Arch. Path., 57, 138-146.","journal-title":"Arch. Path"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"79","article-title":"The Development of the cranial venous system in man, from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy","volume":"36","author":"Padget, D.H.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Padget, D. H. (1957). The Development of the cranial venous system in man, from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn, 36, 79-140.","journal-title":"Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn"},{"key":"ref_25","article-title":"Observations on the pathology of hydrocephalus","volume":"265","author":"Russell, D.S.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Russell, D. S. (1949). Observations on the pathology of hydrocephalus. Spec. Rep. Ser. med. Res. Coun. (Lond.), no. 265.","journal-title":"Spec. Rep. Ser. med. Res. Coun. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"The development of the cerebro-spinal spaces in pig and in man","volume":"5","author":"Weed, L.H.","year":"1917","unstructured":"Weed, L. H. (1917). The development of the cerebro-spinal spaces in pig and in man. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn, 5, 1-116.","journal-title":"Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T04:45:52Z","timestamp":1632113152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1965,6,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1965,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1965,6,1]]}}}