{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:47:21Z","timestamp":1775742441375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.5.616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T21:02:42Z","timestamp":1226350962000},"page":"616-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Human flexor reflexes"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"B. T.","family":"Shahani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. R.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1038\/2021344b0","article-title":"A new spinal flexor reflex","volume":"202","author":"Anden, N.E.; Jukes, M.G.M.; Lundberg, A.; Vyklicky, L.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Anden, N. E., Jukes, M. G. M., Lundberg, A., and Vyklicky, L. (1964). A new spinal flexor reflex. Nature (Lond.), 202, 1344-1345.","journal-title":"Nature (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"802","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: a new hypothesis","volume":"87","author":"Barbeau, A.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Barbeau, A. (1962). The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: a new hypothesis. Canad. med. Ass. J., 87, 802-807.","journal-title":"Canad. med. Ass. J"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/75.1.91","article-title":"Electrical correlates of the spinal flexor reflex","volume":"75","author":"Brooks, C.McC; Fuortes, M.G.F.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Brooks, C. McC., and Fuortes, M. G. F. (1952). Electrical correlates of the spinal flexor reflex. Brain, 75, 91-95.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.8.779","article-title":"Antagonistic muscles in the production of clonus in man","volume":"17","author":"Cook, Jr, W.A.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Cook, W. A., Jr (1967) Antagonistic muscles in the production of clonus in man. Neurology (Minneap.), 17, 779-781.","journal-title":"Neurology (Minneap.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)92794-1","article-title":"A simple clinical skin electrode","volume":"1","author":"Copland, J.G.; Davies, C.T.M.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Copland, J. G., and Davies, C. T. M. (1964). A simple clinical skin electrode. Lancet, 1, 416.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord","author":"Creed, R.S.; Denny-Brown, D.; Eccles, J.C.; Liddell, E.G.T.; Sherrington, C.S.","year":"1932","unstructured":"Creed, R. S., Denny-Brown, D., Eccles, J. C., Liddell, E. G. T., and Sherrington, C. S. (1932). Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord. Clarendon Press: Oxford."},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Polysynaptic spinal reflexes in Parkinson's disease: effects of L-dopa treatment","author":"Delwaide, P.J.; Schwab, R.S.; Young, R.R.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Delwaide, P. J., Schwab, R. S., and Young, R. R. (1971). Polysynaptic spinal reflexes in Parkinson's disease: effects of L-dopa treatment. Neurology (Minneap.), (in press).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Studies of spasticity in man","author":"Dimitrijevic, M.R.; Nathan, P.W.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dimitrijevic, M. R., and Nathan, P. W. (1968). Studies of spasticity in man."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"\"349","article-title":"Analysis of reflex activity evoked by noxious cutaneous stimulation","volume":"91","author":"Dyck, P.J.; Gutrecht, J.A.; Bastron, J.A.; Karnes, W.E.; Dale, A.J.D.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Analysis of reflex activity evoked by noxious cutaneous stimulation. Brain, 91, 349-368. Dyck, P. J., Gutrecht, J. A., Bastron, J. A., Karnes, W. E., and Dale, A. J. D. (1968). Histologic and teased-fiber measurements of sural nerve in disorders of lower motor and primary sensory neurons. Mayo Clin. Proc., 43, 81123.","journal-title":"Brain; Histologic and teased-fiber measurements of sural nerve in disorders of lower motor and primary sensory neurons"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1968.00470360041003","article-title":"Lower motor and primary sensory neuron disease with peroneal muscular atrophy. II. Neurologic, genetic, and electrophysiologic findings in various neuronal degenerations","volume":"18","author":"Dyck, P.J.; Lambert, E.H.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dyck, P. J., and Lambert, E. H. (1968). Lower motor and primary sensory neuron disease with peroneal muscular atrophy. II. Neurologic, genetic, and electrophysiologic findings in various neuronal degenerations. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.), 18, 619-625.","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. (Chic.)"},{"issue":"94","key":"ref_11","first-page":"58","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory skin areas for flexor and extensor motoneurones","volume":"26","author":"Hagbarth, K.-E.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hagbarth, K.-E. (1952). Excitatory and inhibitory skin areas for flexor and extensor motoneurones. Acta. physiol. scand., 26 (Suppl. 94), 58 pp.","journal-title":"Acta. physiol. scand"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.3.222","article-title":"Spinal withdrawal reflexes in the human lower limbs","volume":"23","author":"Hagbarth, K.E.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hagbarth, K. E. (1960). Spinal withdrawal reflexes in the human lower limbs. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 23, 222-227.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60589-0","article-title":"The plasticity of human withdrawal reflexes to noxious skin stimuli in lower limbs","volume":"1","author":"Hagbarth, K.-E.; Finer, B.L.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hagbarth, K.-E., and Finer, B. L. (1963). The plasticity of human withdrawal reflexes to noxious skin stimuli in lower limbs. Progr. Brain Res., 1, 65-81.","journal-title":"Progr. Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3287.1345","article-title":"Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge","volume":"126","author":"Henneman, E.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Henneman, E. (1957). Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. Science, 126, 1345-1347.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)07154-6","article-title":"Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) and brain function","volume":"18","author":"Hornykiewicz, 0","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hornykiewicz, 0. (1966). Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) and brain function. Pharmacol. Rev., 18, 925-964.","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.4.803","article-title":"The peripheral sensory pathway in Friedreich's ataxia","volume":"91","author":"Hughes, J.T.; Brownell, B.; Hewer, R.L.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hughes, J. T., Brownell, B., and Hewer, R. L. (1968). The peripheral sensory pathway in Friedreich's ataxia. Brain, 91, 803-818.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/71.3.304","article-title":"Demonstration of A and C fibre components in the Babinski plantar response and the pathological flexion reflex","volume":"71","author":"Kugelberg, E.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Kugelberg, E. (1948). Demonstration of A and C fibre components in the Babinski plantar response and the pathological flexion reflex. Brain, 71, 304-319.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/83.3.394","article-title":"An electromyographic study of the nociceptive reflexes of the lower limb. Mechanism of the plantar responses","volume":"83","author":"Kugelberg, E.; Eklund, K.; Grimby, L.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kugelberg, E., Eklund, K., and Grimby, L. (1960). An electromyographic study of the nociceptive reflexes of the lower limb. Mechanism of the plantar responses. Brain, 83, 394-410.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/82.3.321","article-title":"The plantar reflex in man, with special reference to some conditions where the extensor response is unexpectedly absent","volume":"82","author":"Landau, W.M.; Clare, M.H.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Landau, W. M., and Clare, M. H. (1959). The plantar reflex in man, with special reference to some conditions where the extensor response is unexpectedly absent. Brain, 82, 321-355.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1943.6.4.293","article-title":"Neuron patterns controlling transmission of ipsilateral hind limb reflexes in cat","volume":"6","author":"Lloyd, D.P.C.","year":"1943","unstructured":"Lloyd, D. P. C. (1943). Neuron patterns controlling transmission of ipsilateral hind limb reflexes in cat. J. Neurophysiol., 6, 293-315.","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Integration in the reflex pathway. In Nobel Symposium. I. Muscular Afferents and Motor Control","author":"Lundberg, A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lundberg, A. (1966). Integration in the reflex pathway. In Nobel Symposium. I. Muscular Afferents and Motor Control, pp. 275-305. Edited by R. Granit. Wiley: New York."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(69)91407-2","article-title":"Electrophysiological and histological studies in patients with Friedreich's ataxia","volume":"27","author":"McLeod, J.G.","year":"1969","unstructured":"McLeod, J. G. (1969). Electrophysiological and histological studies in patients with Friedreich's ataxia. (Abstract.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 27, 723.","journal-title":"(Abstract.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"201","article-title":"Neural mechanisms subserving cutaneous sensibility, with special reference to the role of afferent inhibition in sensory perception and discrimination","volume":"105","author":"Mountcastle, V.B.; Powell, T.P.S.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Mountcastle, V. B., and Powell, T. P. S. (1959). Neural mechanisms subserving cutaneous sensibility, with special reference to the role of afferent inhibition in sensory perception and discrimination. Bull. J. Hopk. Hosp., 105, 201-232.","journal-title":"Bull. J. Hopk. Hosp"},{"issue":"81","key":"ref_24","article-title":"Studies on the central pathway of the flexion reflex in man and animal and changes in the reflex threshold and the circulation after spinal transection","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen, E.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Pedersen, E. (1954). Studies on the central pathway of the flexion reflex in man and animal and changes in the reflex threshold and the circulation after spinal transection. Acta psychiat. neurol. scand., Suppl. 88; 81.","journal-title":"Acta psychiat. neurol. scand"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"133","article-title":"Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture","volume":"105","author":"Powell, T.P.S.; Mountcastle, V.B.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Powell, T. P. S., and Mountcastle, V. B. (1959). Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull. J. Hopk. Hosp., 105, 133-162.","journal-title":"Bull. J. Hopk. Hosp"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.31.6.574","article-title":"Effects of sleep on human reflexes with a double component","volume":"31","author":"Shahani, B.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Shahani, B. (1968). Effects of sleep on human reflexes with a double component. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 31, 574-579.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat"},{"key":"ref_27","article-title":"A Study in Human Reflexes","author":"Shahani, B.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Shahani, B. (1969). A Study in Human Reflexes. Ph.D. Thesis. Oxford University: Oxford."},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"Flexor reflex afferent nerve fibres in man","author":"Shahani, B.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Shahani, B. (1970). Flexor reflex afferent nerve fibres in man."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(69)91411-4","article-title":"Normal human flexor reflexes","volume":"27","author":"Shahani, B.; Young, R.R.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Shahani, B., and Young, R. R. (1969). Normal human flexor reflexes. (Abstract.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 27, 725.","journal-title":"(Abstract.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"28","article-title":"Flexor spasms in man","volume":"40","author":"Shahani, B.; Young, R.R.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shahani, B., and Young, R. R. (1971). Flexor spasms in man. (In preparation.) Sherrington, C. S. (1910). Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex and reflex stepping and standing. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 40, 28-121.","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.); Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex and reflex stepping and standing"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.2.258","article-title":"Longitudinal conduction systems serving spinal and brain-stem coordination","volume":"26","author":"Shimamura, M.; Livingstone, R.B.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Shimamura, M., and Livingstone, R. B. (1963). Longitudinal conduction systems serving spinal and brain-stem coordination. J. Neurophysiol., 26, 258-272.","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.14.411","article-title":"On the spino-bulbo-spinal reflex in dogs, monkeys and man","volume":"14","author":"Shimamura, M.; Mori, S.; Matsushima, S.; Fujimori, B.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shimamura, M., Mori, S., Matsushima, S., and Fujimori, B. (1964). On the spino-bulbo-spinal reflex in dogs, monkeys and man. Jap. J. Physiol., 14, 411-421.","journal-title":"Jap. J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-46-12055P","article-title":"Form of the reflex response in relation to the pattern of afferent stimulation","volume":"46","author":"Tureen, L.L.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Tureen, L. L. (1941). Form of the reflex response in relation to the pattern of afferent stimulation. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 46, 543-544.","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.34.5.616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T16:41:44Z","timestamp":1738514504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.34.5.616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1971,10,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.34.5.616","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1971,10,1]]}}}