{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T10:44:50Z","timestamp":1758969890125},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.6.535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T21:16:40Z","timestamp":1226351800000},"page":"535-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tonic, phasic and cortical arousal in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"R D","family":"Bock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Goldberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracteris6e par de l'inco-ordination motrice accompagnd d'7cholalie et de copralalie","volume":"9","author":"de la G, Tourette","unstructured":"Tourette de la G. Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracteris6e par de l'inco-ordination motrice accompagnd d'7cholalie et de copralalie. Arch Neurol 1885;9:19-42, 158-200.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol 1885"},{"key":"ref_2","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","author":"Shapiro, A.K.; Shapiro, E.S.; Bruun, R.D.; Sweet, R.F.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shapiro AK, Shapiro ES, Bruun RD, Sweet RF. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. New York: Raven Press, 1978."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197410000-00007","volume":"159","author":"Haloperidol","year":"1974","unstructured":"Haloperidol. J Nerv Ment Dis 1974; 159:282-9.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61046-3","article-title":"Central biogenic amine metabolism in children and the syndrome of chronic multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette","volume":"18","author":"Cohen, D.J.; Shaywitz, B.A.; Young, G.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cohen DJ, Shaywitz BA, Young G, et al. Central biogenic amine metabolism in children and the syndrome of chronic multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1979; 18:320-41.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410070109","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: clinical and family study of 50 cases","volume":"7","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: clinical and family study of 50 cases. Ann Neurol 1980;7:41-9.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.489.771","article-title":"Behaviour therapy of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Clark, D.F.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Clark DF. Behaviour therapy of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1966; 112:771-8.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750130081010","article-title":"A psychophysiological study of multiple tics","volume":"25","author":"Moldofsky, H.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Moldofsky H. A psychophysiological study of multiple tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 25:79-87.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"365","article-title":"Comments in \" Colloquium on Trauma.\"","volume":"54","author":"Cohen, D.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cohen DJ. Comments in \" Colloquium on Trauma.\" Int J Psychoanalysis 1978;54: 365-75.","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanalysis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(83)90018-8","article-title":"The behavioural management of tic disorders: a critical review","volume":"5","author":"Turpin, G.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Turpin G. The behavioural management of tic disorders: a critical review. Adv Behavior Res Ther 1983;5:203-45.","journal-title":"Adv Behavior Res Ther"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(84)90105-0","article-title":"Effects of massed practice and cue-controlled relaxation on tic frequency in Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Turpin, G.; Powell, G.E.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Turpin G, Powell GE. Effects of massed practice and cue-controlled relaxation on tic frequency in Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. Behav Res Therap 1984;2: 165-78.","journal-title":"Behav Res Therap"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"The Biological Basis of Personality","author":"Eysenck, H.J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ. The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield: Thomas, 1967."},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"On Emotions, Needs and Our Archaic Brains","author":"Malmo, R.B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Malmo RB. On Emotions, Needs and Our Archaic Brains. New York: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1975."},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Somatic response patterning and stress: some revisions of activation theory","volume-title":"Psychological Stress: Issues in Research","author":"Lacey, J.I.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lacey JI. Somatic response patterning and stress: some revisions of activation theory. In: Appley MH, Trumbull R, eds. Psychological Stress: Issues in Research. New York: Meredith Publishing Co, 1967."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128.3314.33","article-title":"New techniques for recording skin resistance changes","volume":"128","author":"Levy, E.Z.; Thaler, V.H.; Ruff, G.E.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Levy EZ, Thaler VH, Ruff GE. New techniques for recording skin resistance changes. Science 1958; 128: 33-4.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Physiological arousal, personality correlates and reactions to perceptual isolation. The XVIII International Congress of Psychology Moscow, Vol 1","author":"Goldberger, L.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Goldberger L. Physiological arousal, personality correlates and reactions to perceptual isolation. The XVIII International Congress of Psychology Moscow, Vol 1. Moscow. HAYKA, 1966."},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Attention and arousal","volume-title":"activity in psychological research","author":"Raskin, D.C.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Raskin DC. Attention and arousal. In: Prokasy WF, Raskin DC, eds. Electrodermal activity in psychological research. New York: Academic Press, 1973."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6032","article-title":"Perceptual assimilation: A study of the orienting reflex and the leveling-sharpening cognitive control principle","volume":"67","author":"Israel, N.R.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Israel NR. Perceptual assimilation: A study of the orienting reflex and the leveling-sharpening cognitive control principle. Dissertations Abstracts International 1966;67:6032.","journal-title":"Dissertations Abstracts International"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"A Primer ofPsychophysiology","author":"Hasset, J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hasset J. A Primer ofPsychophysiology. San Francisco: WH Freeman, 1978."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043220","article-title":"A continuous performance test of brain damage","volume":"20","author":"Rosvald, H.E.; Mirsky, A.F.; Sarason, I.; Bransome, E.D.; Beck, L.H.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Rosvald HE, Mirsky AF, Sarason I, Bransome ED, Beck LH. A continuous performance test of brain damage. J Consult Psychol 1956;20:343-50.","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00413239","article-title":"On the dissimilar effects of drugs on the digit symbol substitution and continuous performance tests","volume":"59","author":"Mirsky, A.F.; Kometsky, C.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Mirsky AF, Kometsky C. On the dissimilar effects of drugs on the digit symbol substitution and continuous performance tests. Psychopharmacologia 1964; 59:161-77.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1966.01730090099015","article-title":"Attention dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Orzak, M.H.; Kometsky, G.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Orzak MH, Kometsky G. Attention dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1966; 14:323-36.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.01750340065011","article-title":"Sustained attention in remitted schizophrenics","volume":"28","author":"Wohlberg, G.W.; Kometsky, L.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wohlberg GW, Kometsky L. Sustained attention in remitted schizophrenics. Arch General Psychiatry 1973;28: 533-7.","journal-title":"Arch General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"68","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral correlates of attention dysfunction in schizophrenic patients","volume":"14","author":"Kometsky, L.; Orzak, M.H.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kometsky L, Orzak MH. Physiological and behavioral correlates of attention dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatric Res 1978; 14:68-79.","journal-title":"J Psychiatric Res"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2307\/1420768","article-title":"Semantic power measured through the interference of words with color-naming","volume":"78","author":"Klein, G.S.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Klein GS. Semantic power measured through the interference of words with color-naming. Am J Psychol 1964;78: 576-88.","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.105.439.382","article-title":"The influence of amobarbitol (amylobarbitone) and methamphetammine on the focus of attention","volume":"105","author":"Calloway, E.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Calloway E. The influence of amobarbitol (amylobarbitone) and methamphetammine on the focus of attention. J Ment Sci 1959; 105:382-92.","journal-title":"J Ment Sci"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035695","article-title":"Effects of noise on the Stroop test","volume":"102","author":"Hartley, L.R.; Adams, P.G.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hartley LR, Adams PG. Effects of noise on the Stroop test. J Exp Psychol 1974; 102: 62-6.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03336652","article-title":"The effect of arousal on Stroop color-word task performance","volume":"6","author":"Pellak, M.S.; Pittman, T.S.; Heller, J.P.; Munson, P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pellak MS, Pittman TS, Heller JP, Munson P. The effect of arousal on Stroop color-word task performance. Bull Psychonomic Soc 1975;6:248-50.","journal-title":"Bull Psychonomic Soc"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03330904","article-title":"The effects of stress on Stroop color-word performance","volume":"9","author":"Hochman, S.H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hochman SH. The effects of stress on Stroop color-word performance. Psychonomic Sci 1976;9:475-6.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Sci"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"113","article-title":"Competing reaction tendencies: The effects of temporal sequence in inhibition and facilitation of response","volume-title":"Int Congress Psychol Proc 1966; 3","author":"Wolitzky, D.L.","unstructured":"Wolitzky DL. Competing reaction tendencies: The effects of temporal sequence in inhibition and facilitation of response. Int Congress Psychol Proc 1966;3: 113."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"117","article-title":"Electrodermal and heart rate orienting reactions in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"66","author":"Zahn, T.P.; Rosenthal, D.; Lawler, W.G.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Zahn TP, Rosenthal D, Lawler WG. Electrodermal and heart rate orienting reactions in chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatric Res 1968; 66: 117-34.","journal-title":"J Psychiatric Res"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02222.x","article-title":"Electrodermal and cardiac response of schizophrenic children to sensory stimuli","volume":"7","author":"Bernal, M.E.; Miller, H.N.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bernal ME, Miller HN. Electrodermal and cardiac response of schizophrenic children to sensory stimuli. Psychophysiology 1975;7: 155-68.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"Electrodermal activity","volume-title":"Techniques in Psychophysiology","author":"Venables, P.H.; Christie, M.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Venables PH, Christie MJ. Electrodermal activity. In: Martin I, Venables PH, eds. Techniques in Psychophysiology. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1980."},{"key":"ref_33","article-title":"Electrical activity of the skin, its measurement and uses in psychophysiology","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychophysiology","author":"Edelberg, R.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Edelberg R. Electrical activity of the skin, its measurement and uses in psychophysiology. In: Greenfield NS, Sternback SA, eds. Handbook of Psychophysiology. New York: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1972."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.27.3.210","article-title":"in patients with anxiety states and in normal subjects","volume":"27","author":"Lader, M.H.; of G. S. R, Wing L.Habituation","year":"1964","unstructured":"Lader MH, Wing L. Habituation of G.S.R. in patients with anxiety states and in normal subjects. J Neurology, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1964;27:210-8.","journal-title":"J Neurology, Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00461.x","article-title":"The interaction of extraversion and neuroticism in orienting response habituation","volume":"8","author":"Sadler, T.G.; Mefford, R.B.; Houch, R.L.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Sadler TG, Mefford RB, Houch RL. The interaction of extraversion and neuroticism in orienting response habituation. Psychophysiology 1971; 8:312-8.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00501.x","article-title":"Direct measurement of skin conductance response: A proposal for standardization","volume":"8","author":"Lykken, D.T.; Venables, P.H.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Lykken DT, Venables PH. Direct measurement of skin conductance response: A proposal for standardization. Psychophysiology 1971;8:656-72.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(74)90013-1","article-title":"Does the law of initial value apply to the galvanic skin response?","volume":"1","author":"Bull, R.; Gale, A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bull R, Gale A. Does the law of initial value apply to the galvanic skin response? Biol Psychol 1974; 1:213-27.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref_38","article-title":"On planning psychophysiological experiments: Design, measurement and analysis","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychophysiology","author":"Johnson, L.C.; Lubin, A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Johnson LC, Lubin A. On planning psychophysiological experiments: Design, measurement and analysis. In: Greenfield NS, Sternbach RA, eds. Handbook of Psychophysiology. New York: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1972."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1956.tb46040.x","article-title":"The evaluation of autonomic responses: towards a general solution","volume":"67","author":"Lacey, J.I.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Lacey JI. The evaluation of autonomic responses: towards a general solution. Ann NY Acad Sci 1956;67: 123-64.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref_40","article-title":"Applied Multiple Regressionl Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen, J.; Cohen, P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied Multiple Regressionl Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1975."},{"key":"ref_41","article-title":"Robust tests for equality of variances","volume-title":"Contributions to Probability in Statistics","author":"Levine, H.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Levine H. Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Okin I, ed. Contributions to Probability in Statistics. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1960."},{"key":"ref_42","article-title":"Design and Analysis: A Researcher's Handbook","author":"Keppel, G.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Keppel G. Design and Analysis: A Researcher's Handbook. Englewood: Prentice Hall, 1973."},{"key":"ref_43","article-title":"Electrophysiologic studies in the Tourette syndrome. Fiwst International Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Symposium (Abstracts)","author":"Krumholz, A.; Singer, H.; Burnite, R.; Niedermeyer, E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Krumholz A, Singer H, Burnite R, Niedermeyer E. Electrophysiologic studies in the Tourette syndrome. Fiwst International Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Symposium (Abstracts). New York NY: 1981."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"339","article-title":"Neuronal Mechanisms of the Orienting Reflex","volume":"4","author":"Sokolov, E.N.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sokolov EN. Neuronal Mechanisms of the Orienting Reflex. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates (distributed by Wiley), 1975. 4-Mendelson WB, Caine ED. Goyer P, Ebert M, Gillin JC. Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1980; 15: 339-43.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry; Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"153","article-title":"Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Disorder of Arousal","volume":"32","author":"h Glaze DG, Jankovic J, Frost Jr JD","year":"1982","unstructured":"h Glaze DG, Jankovic J, Frost Jr JD. Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Disorder of Arousal. Neurology (NY) 1982;32:A153.","journal-title":"Neurology (NY)"},{"key":"ref_46","article-title":"A psychosomatic approach to Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. Unpublished doctoral dissertation","author":"Benditsky, H.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Benditsky H. A psychosomatic approach to Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yeshiva University, 1978."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.48.6.535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T04:09:32Z","timestamp":1601093372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.48.6.535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,6,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.48.6.535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,6,1]]}}}