{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:52:04Z","timestamp":1789620724799,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T21:16:40Z","timestamp":1226351800000},"page":"767-772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Grandas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Elston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C D","family":"Marsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"ref_1","first-page":"437","article-title":"Les convulsions de la face. Une forme clinique de convulsion faciale, bilaterale et mediane","volume":"1910","author":"Meige, H.","unstructured":"Meige H. Les convulsions de la face. Une forme clinique de convulsion faciale, bilaterale et mediane. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1910;21:437-43.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Meige's syndrome. Dyskinesia of the eyelids and facial muscles","volume":"27","author":"Paulson, G.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Paulson G. Meige's syndrome. Dyskinesia of the eyelids and facial muscles. Geriatrics 1972;27:69-73.","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.12.1204","article-title":"Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?","volume":"39","author":"Marsden, C.D.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Marsden CD. Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:1204-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510030041005","article-title":"Clinical features of Meige's disease. (Idiopathic orofacial dystonia). A report of 17 cases","volume":"38","author":"Tolosa, E.S.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tolosa ES. Clinical features of Meige's disease. (Idiopathic orofacial dystonia). A report of 17 cases. Arch Neurol 1981; 38:147-51.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130406","article-title":"Blepharospasm and orofacial-ervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients","volume":"13","author":"Jankovic, J.; Ford, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Ford J. Blepharospasm and orofacial-ervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients. Ann Neurol 1983;13:402-1 1.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"371","article-title":"Blepharospasm: Demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients","volume":"16","author":"Jankovic, J.; Orman, J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: Demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients. Ann Ophthalmol 1984;16:371-6."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090214","article-title":"Blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome) in sisters","volume":"9","author":"Nutt, J.G.; Hammerstad, J.P.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nutt JG, Hammerstad JP. Blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome) in sisters. Ann Neurol 1981; 9:189-91.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"259","article-title":"The problem of adult-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp, and torticollis, or axial dystonia)","volume":"14","author":"Marsden, C.D.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Marsden CD. The problem of adult-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp, and torticollis, or axial dystonia). Adv Neurol 1976; 14:259-76.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1927.02210030107008","article-title":"Paroxysmal spasm of the eyelids as a postencephalitic manifestation","volume":"29","author":"Alpers, B.J.; Patten, C.A.","year":"1927","unstructured":"Alpers BJ, Patten CA. Paroxysmal spasm of the eyelids as a postencephalitic manifestation. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1927; 29:427-33.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiat"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(72)90068-8","article-title":"Oculomotor function in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Corin, M.S.; Elizan, T.S.; Bender, M.B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Corin MS, Elizan TS, Bender MB. Oculomotor function in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 1972;15:251-65.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000113999","article-title":"Observations on the mechanism of parkinsonian blepharospasm and its treatment with L-dopa","volume":"3","author":"Klawans, H.L.; Erlich, M.A.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Klawans HL, Erlich MA. Observations on the mechanism of parkinsonian blepharospasm and its treatment with L-dopa. Eur Neurol 1970;3:365-72.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130308","article-title":"Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical features and response to treatment in 16 patients","volume":"13","author":"Jackson, J.A.; Jankovic, J.; Ford, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jackson JA, Jankovic J, Ford J. Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinical features and response to treatment in 16 patients. Ann Neurol 1983;13:273-8.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.12.1555","article-title":"Meige syndrome (blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia) after long-term neuroleptic therapy","volume":"31","author":"Weiner, W.J.; Nausieda, P.A.; Glantz, R.H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Weiner WJ, Nausieda PA, Glantz RH. Meige syndrome (blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia) after long-term neuroleptic therapy. Neurology 1981;31:1555-6.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.12.1335","article-title":"Tardive dystonia: late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs","volume":"32","author":"Burke, R.E.; Fahn, S.; Jankovic, J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J et al. Tardive dystonia: late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology 1982;32:1335-46.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510190069027","article-title":"Meige's syndrome during long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Weiner, W.J.; Nausieda, P.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Weiner WJ, Nausieda PA. Meige's syndrome during long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1982;39:451-2.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320480060028","article-title":"Decongestant-induced blepharospasm and orofacial dystonia","volume":"247","author":"Powers, J.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Powers JM. Decongestant-induced blepharospasm and orofacial dystonia. JAMA 1982;247:3244-5.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060110088025","article-title":"Blepharospasm with bilateral basal ganglia infarction","volume":"42","author":"Keane, JR, Young; J.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Keane JR, Young JA. Blepharospasm with bilateral basal ganglia infarction. Arch Neurol 1985;42:1206-8.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520090006004","article-title":"Blepharospasm with basal ganglia lesions","volume":"43","author":"Jankovic, J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jankovic J. Blepharospasm with basal ganglia lesions. Arch Neurol 1986;43:866-8.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.2.283-b","article-title":"Blepharospasm due to unilateral diencephalon infarction","volume":"35","author":"Powers, J.M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Powers JM. Blepharospasm due to unilateral diencephalon infarction. Neurology 1985;35:283-4.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.9.1237","article-title":"Blepharospasm associated with brainstem lesions","volume":"33","author":"Jankovic, J.; Patel, S.C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Patel SC. Blepharospasm associated with brainstem lesions. Neurology 1983;33:1237-40.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.11.1324","article-title":"Meige's syndrome and palatal myoclonus associated with brain stem stroke. A common mechanism?","volume":"49","author":"Day, J.J.; Lefroy, R.B.; Mastaglia, F.L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Day JJ, Lefroy RB, Mastaglia FL. Meige's syndrome and palatal myoclonus associated with brain stem stroke. A common mechanism? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:1324-5.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.11.1522","article-title":"Blepharospasm associated with palatal myoclonus and communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"34","author":"Lang, A.E.; Sharpe, J.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lang AE, Sharpe JA. Blepharospasm associated with palatal myoclonus and communicating hydrocephalus. Neurology 1984;34: 1522.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870010107","article-title":"Ipsilateral blepharospasm and contralateral hemidystonia and parkinsonism in a patient with a unilateral rostral brainstem-thalamic lesion: Structural and functional abnormalities studied with CT, MRI and PET scanning","volume":"1","author":"Leenders, K.L.; Frackowiak, R.S.J.; Quinn, N.; Brooks, D.; Sumner, D.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Leenders KL, Frackowiak RSJ, Quinn N, Brooks D, Sumner D, Marsden CD. Ipsilateral blepharospasm and contralateral hemidystonia and parkinsonism in a patient with a unilateral rostral brainstem-thalamic lesion: Structural and functional abnormalities studied with CT, MRI and PET scanning. Movement Disorders 1986;1:51-8.","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.5.437","article-title":"Brueghel's syndrome, report of a case with postmortem studies","volume":"44","year":"1981","unstructured":"Garcia-Albea E, Franch 0, Munoz D, Ricoy JR. Brueghel's syndrome, report of a case with postmortem studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981;44:437-40.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.6.802","article-title":"Spontaneous oral-facial dyskinesia: Neuropathology of a case","volume":"33","author":"Altrocchi, P.H.; Fomo, L.S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Altrocchi PH, Fomo LS. Spontaneous oral-facial dyskinesia: Neuropathology of a case. Neurology 1983;33:802-5.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330230060037","article-title":"Blinking and blepharospasm. Mechanisms, diagnosis and management","volume":"248","author":"Jankovic, J.; Havins, W.E.; Wilkins, R.B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Havins WE, Wilkins RB. Blinking and blepharospasm. Mechanisms, diagnosis and management. JAMA 1982;248:3160-4.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.3.593","article-title":"Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia","volume":"108","author":"Berardelli, A.; Rothwell, J.C.; Day, B.L.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD. Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. Brain 1985;108:593-608.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"The blink reflex in dystonia","author":"Tolosa, E.S.; Montserrat, L.; Bayes, A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tolosa ES, Montserrat L, Bayes A. The blink reflex in dystonia. Advances in Neurology 1988 (in press.)","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91281-7","article-title":"Trauma and pain in spasmodic torticollis","volume":"i:","author":"Sheehy, M.P.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sheehy MP, Marsden CD. Trauma and pain in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet 1980;i:777-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.3.461","article-title":"Writer's cramp-a focal dystonia","volume":"105","author":"Sheehy, M.P.; Marsden, C.D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sheehy MP, Marsden CD. Writer's cramp-a focal dystonia. Brain 1982;105:461-80.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.7.698","article-title":"The relationship of peripheral trauma and pain to dystonia","volume":"48","author":"Schott, G.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schott GD. The relationship of peripheral trauma and pain to dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:698-701.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"119","article-title":"Dystonia precipitated by peripheral trauma","author":"Brin, M.F.; Fahn, S.; Bressman, S.B.; Burke, R.E.","unstructured":"Brin MF, Fahn S, Bressman SB, Burke RE. Dystonia precipitated by peripheral trauma. Neurology 1986;36 (Suppl 1): 119."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197309272891320","article-title":"Dimethylaminoethanol in the treatment of blepharospasm","volume":"289","author":"Miller, E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Miller E. Dimethylaminoethanol in the treatment of blepharospasm. N Engl J Med 1973;289:697.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.50.586.521","article-title":"Treatment of blepharospasm with levodopa","volume":"50","author":"Chakravorty, N.K.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Chakravorty NK. Treatment of blepharospasm with levodopa. Postgrad Med J 1974;50:521-3.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050418","article-title":"Blepharospasm: successful treatment with clonazepam","volume":"5","author":"Merikangas, JR, Reynolds; C.E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Merikangas JR, Reynolds CE. Blepharospasm: successful treatment with clonazepam. Ann Neurol 1979;5:401-2.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198110153051618","article-title":"Choline for blepharospasm","volume":"305","author":"Skarf, J.B.; Sharpe, J.A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Skarf JB, Sharpe JA. Choline for blepharospasm. N Engl J Med 1981;305:957-8.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110108","article-title":"Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study","volume":"11","author":"Jankovic, J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jankovic J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study. Ann Neurol 1982;11:41-47.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"432","article-title":"Beneficial effects of lisuride in Meige's disease","volume":"322","author":"Micheli, F.; Fernandez-Pardal, M.M.; Leiguarda, R.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Micheli F, Fernandez-Pardal MM, Leiguarda RC. Beneficial effects of lisuride in Meige's disease. Neurology 1982;322: 432-4.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198303000-00007","article-title":"Meige's syndrome: relief on high-dose anticholinergic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Duvoisin, R.C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Duvoisin RC. Meige's syndrome: relief on high-dose anticholinergic therapy. Clin Neuropharmacol 1983;6:63-6.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.29.8.1126","article-title":"Meige's disease: Striatal dopaminergic preponderance","volume":"29","author":"Tolosa, E.S.; Lai, C.W.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tolosa ES, Lai CW. Meige's disease: Striatal dopaminergic preponderance. Neurology 1979;29:1126-30.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.7.690","article-title":"Pharmacology of blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Casey, D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Casey D. Pharmacology of blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome. Neurology 1980;30:690-5.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.8.1100","article-title":"Pharmacology of cranial dystonia","volume":"33","author":"Marsden, C.D.; Lang, A.E.; Sheehy, M.P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Marsden CD, Lang AE, Sheehy MP. Pharmacology of cranial dystonia. Neurology 1983;33:1100-1.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.7.783","article-title":"Meige's disease: Acute and chronic cholinergic effects","volume":"32","author":"Tanner, C.M.; Glantz, R.H.; Klawans, H.L.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tanner CM, Glantz RH, Klawans HL. Meige's disease: Acute and chronic cholinergic effects. Neurology 1982;32:783-5.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.10.1255","article-title":"High dosage anticholinergic therapy in dystonia","volume":"33","author":"Fahn, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fahn S. High dosage anticholinergic therapy in dystonia. Neurology 1983;33:1255-61.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.2.215","article-title":"Cranial dystonia: double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics","volume":"34","author":"Nutt, J.G.; Hammerstad, J.P.; DeGarmo, P.; Carter, J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nutt JG, Hammerstad JP, DeGarmo P, Carter J. Cranial dystonia: double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics. Neurology 1984;34:215-7.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100035770","article-title":"High dose anticholinergic therapy in adult dystonia","volume":"13","author":"Lang, A.E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lang AE. High dose anticholinergic therapy in adult dystonia. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13:42-46.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"322","article-title":"The surgical management of essential blepharospasm","author":"Talbot, J.F.; Gregor, Z.; Bird, A.C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Talbot JF, Gregor Z, Bird AC. The surgical management of essential blepharospasm. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement Disorders. London: Butterworths, 1982:322-9."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedures","volume":"99","author":"Arch Ophihalmol","year":"1984","unstructured":"Comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedures. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:266-8. 49 Gillum WN, Anderson RL. Blepharospasm surgery. An anatomical approach. Arch Ophihalmol 1981;99:1056-62.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol; 102: 266-8. 49 Gillum WN, Anderson RL. Blepharospasm surgery. An anatomical approach"},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"A modification of exposure for the muscle stripping technique","author":"Marsden, C.D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"A modification of exposure for the muscle stripping technique. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:269-73. 51 Battista AF. Surgical approach to blepharospasm: nerve thermolysis. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement Disorders.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol; 102: 269-73. 51 Battista AF. Surgical approach to blepharospasm: nerve thermolysis"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"319","author":"London: Butterworths","year":"1982","unstructured":"London: Butterworths, 1982:319-321."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031184014","article-title":"Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin","volume":"102","author":"Frueh, B.R.; Felt, D.P.; Wojno, T.H.; Musch, D.C.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Frueh BR, Felt DP, Wojno TH, Musch DC. Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin. Arch Ophihalmol 1984;102:1464-8.","journal-title":"Arch Ophihalmol"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050030043017","article-title":"Botulinum A toxin injection as a treatment for blepharospasm","volume":"103","author":"Scott, A.B.; Kennedy, R.A.; Stubbs, H.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Scott AB, Kennedy RA, Stubbs HA. Botulinum A toxin injection as a treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103: 347-50.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(85)90228-4","article-title":"Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin","volume":"99","author":"Tsoy, E.A.; Buckley, E.G.; Dutton, J.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tsoy EA, Buckley EG, Dutton JJ. Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin. Am J Ophthalmol 1985;99:176-9.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6485.1857","article-title":"Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on neurogenic blepharospasm","volume":"290","author":"Elston, I.S.; Russell, R.W.R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Elston IS, Russell RWR. Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on neurogenic blepharospasm. Br Med J 1985;290: 1857-9.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.10.1499","article-title":"Blepharospasm, Meige's syndrome, and hemifacial spasm: treatment with botulinum toxin","volume":"35","author":"Maurieelo, J.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Maurieelo JA. Blepharospasm, Meige's syndrome, and hemifacial spasm: treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurology 1985; 35:1499-1500.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520040060020","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in the management of blepharospasm","volume":"43","author":"Dutton, J.J.; Buckley, E.G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dutton JJ, Buckley EG. Botulinum toxin in the management of blepharospasm. Arch Neurol 1986;43:380-82.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_57","first-page":"120","article-title":"Injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia","volume":"36","author":"Brin, M.F.; Fahn, S.; Moskowitz, C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brin MF, Fahn S, Moskowitz C, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia. Neurology 1986;36(Suppl 1):120.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"120","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for cranial cervical dystonia: a double-blind controlled study","author":"Jankovic, J.; Orman, J.","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Orman J. Botulinum toxin for cranial cervical dystonia: a double-blind controlled study. Neurology 1986;36 (Suppl 1):120-1."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.785600","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: Mechanism of presynaptic blockade","volume":"193","author":"Kao, I.; Drachman, D.B.; Price, D.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kao I, Drachman DB, Price D. Botulinum toxin: Mechanism of presynaptic blockade. Science 1976;193:1256-8.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/307457a0","article-title":"Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalisation","volume":"307","author":"Dolly, O.J.; Black, J.; Williams, R.S.; Melling, J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dolly OJ, Black J, Williams RS, Melling J. Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalisation. Nature 1984;307:457-60.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T04:22:30Z","timestamp":1601094150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,6,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,6,1]]}}}